% This file contains a brief summary of the changes in Earth's global average % surface temperature estimated by combining the Berkeley Earth land-surface % temperature field with a reinterpolated version of the HadSST ocean temperature % field. % % Two versions of this average are reported. These differ in how they treat % locations with sea ice. In the first version, temperature anomalies in the % presence of sea ice are extrapolated from land-surface air temperature anomalies. % In the second version, temperature anomalies in the presence of sea ice are % extrapolated from sea-surface water temperature anomalies (usually collected % from open water areas on the periphery of the sea ice). For most of the % ocean, sea-surface temperatures are similar to near-surface air temperatures; % however, air temperatures above sea ice can differ substantially from the water % below the sea ice. The air temperature version of this average shows larger % changes in the recent period, in part this is because water temperature changes % are limited by the freezing point of ocean water. We believe that the use of air % temperatures above sea ice provides a more natural means of describing changes in % Earth's surface temperature. % % The percent coverage of sea ice was taken from the HadISST dataset and varies % by month and location. In the typical month, between 3.5% and 5.5% of the % Earth's surface is covered with sea ice. Prior to 1900, the ice field merely % repeats a seasonal climatology and is not directly constrained by observations. % For more information on the processing and use of HadISST and HadSST refer to % the description file for the combined gridded data product. % % Temperatures are in Celsius and reported as anomalies % relative to the Jan 1951-Dec 1980 average. Uncertainties represent the 95% confidence % interval for statistical and spatial undersampling effects as well as ocean biases. % % % The land analysis was run on 17-Sep-2017 07:47:24 % The ocean analysis was published on 06-Sep-2017 21:22:08 % % The land component is based on 43261 time series % with 16068118 monthly data points % % The ocean component is based on 351272976 instantaneous % water temperature observations % % Estimated Jan 1951-Dec 1980 global mean temperature (C) % Using air temperature above sea ice: 14.720 +/- 0.047 % Using water temperature below sea ice: 15.305 +/- 0.047 % % % Land + Ocean anomaly using air temperature above sea ice Land + Ocean using water temperature below sea ice % Year, Annual Anomaly, Annual Unc., Five-year Anomaly, Five-year Unc., Annual Anomaly, Annual Unc., Five-year Anomaly, Five-year Unc. 1850 -0.524 0.297 NaN NaN -0.471 0.256 NaN NaN 1851 -0.385 0.328 NaN NaN -0.352 0.282 NaN NaN 1852 -0.381 0.315 -0.410 0.264 -0.337 0.272 -0.370 0.226 1853 -0.420 0.285 -0.369 0.234 -0.378 0.246 -0.330 0.201 1854 -0.341 0.215 -0.391 0.203 -0.310 0.188 -0.349 0.175 1855 -0.317 0.181 -0.435 0.173 -0.271 0.161 -0.389 0.150 1856 -0.496 0.182 -0.440 0.138 -0.447 0.161 -0.394 0.122 1857 -0.602 0.175 -0.453 0.119 -0.540 0.157 -0.407 0.107 1858 -0.442 0.121 -0.494 0.130 -0.402 0.115 -0.447 0.116 1859 -0.409 0.121 -0.508 0.133 -0.376 0.115 -0.461 0.120 1860 -0.520 0.217 -0.515 0.133 -0.471 0.192 -0.468 0.121 1861 -0.566 0.186 -0.508 0.135 -0.519 0.170 -0.460 0.126 1862 -0.640 0.177 -0.515 0.145 -0.571 0.164 -0.465 0.135 1863 -0.406 0.167 -0.482 0.144 -0.364 0.164 -0.434 0.138 1864 -0.443 0.173 -0.429 0.147 -0.401 0.159 -0.382 0.142 1865 -0.355 0.198 -0.360 0.144 -0.316 0.189 -0.322 0.142 1866 -0.300 0.224 -0.334 0.148 -0.258 0.205 -0.296 0.143 1867 -0.298 0.159 -0.303 0.153 -0.272 0.156 -0.268 0.145 1868 -0.276 0.145 -0.307 0.140 -0.231 0.142 -0.273 0.131 1869 -0.288 0.169 -0.322 0.114 -0.264 0.153 -0.287 0.108 1870 -0.373 0.153 -0.331 0.108 -0.340 0.140 -0.293 0.100 1871 -0.374 0.119 -0.340 0.104 -0.327 0.113 -0.304 0.095 1872 -0.343 0.129 -0.360 0.095 -0.305 0.120 -0.325 0.089 1873 -0.324 0.124 -0.372 0.091 -0.284 0.117 -0.333 0.085 1874 -0.386 0.120 -0.390 0.096 -0.368 0.114 -0.351 0.089 1875 -0.433 0.111 -0.332 0.100 -0.381 0.106 -0.296 0.092 1876 -0.465 0.137 -0.262 0.096 -0.417 0.127 -0.232 0.089 1877 -0.055 0.140 -0.245 0.094 -0.031 0.129 -0.210 0.086 1878 0.027 0.104 -0.229 0.093 0.037 0.101 -0.195 0.086 1879 -0.300 0.098 -0.189 0.086 -0.257 0.095 -0.158 0.080 1880 -0.354 0.118 -0.239 0.082 -0.308 0.111 -0.202 0.077 1881 -0.265 0.108 -0.320 0.082 -0.231 0.102 -0.277 0.076 1882 -0.303 0.110 -0.365 0.084 -0.252 0.104 -0.317 0.077 1883 -0.378 0.095 -0.396 0.081 -0.339 0.091 -0.345 0.074 1884 -0.526 0.100 -0.449 0.083 -0.458 0.094 -0.395 0.075 1885 -0.505 0.103 -0.500 0.087 -0.446 0.095 -0.442 0.078 1886 -0.532 0.112 -0.497 0.090 -0.478 0.102 -0.438 0.081 1887 -0.561 0.118 -0.438 0.084 -0.489 0.107 -0.385 0.076 1888 -0.363 0.104 -0.440 0.080 -0.316 0.097 -0.387 0.073 1889 -0.232 0.085 -0.413 0.076 -0.196 0.084 -0.361 0.071 1890 -0.513 0.094 -0.389 0.073 -0.458 0.093 -0.345 0.069 1891 -0.397 0.100 -0.401 0.069 -0.348 0.099 -0.359 0.066 1892 -0.443 0.099 -0.437 0.070 -0.406 0.097 -0.395 0.068 1893 -0.419 0.089 -0.407 0.069 -0.388 0.089 -0.368 0.067 1894 -0.413 0.093 -0.378 0.069 -0.376 0.092 -0.341 0.067 1895 -0.361 0.091 -0.340 0.067 -0.325 0.092 -0.305 0.066 1896 -0.252 0.100 -0.346 0.069 -0.210 0.097 -0.309 0.067 1897 -0.253 0.091 -0.319 0.064 -0.226 0.090 -0.283 0.063 1898 -0.448 0.084 -0.281 0.063 -0.407 0.084 -0.249 0.062 1899 -0.279 0.085 -0.279 0.062 -0.248 0.084 -0.252 0.060 1900 -0.172 0.087 -0.304 0.063 -0.155 0.087 -0.274 0.061 1901 -0.242 0.095 -0.313 0.065 -0.224 0.093 -0.285 0.062 1902 -0.379 0.094 -0.362 0.067 -0.338 0.091 -0.333 0.064 1903 -0.493 0.086 -0.402 0.067 -0.460 0.085 -0.371 0.063 1904 -0.522 0.086 -0.412 0.066 -0.489 0.086 -0.378 0.063 1905 -0.373 0.088 -0.430 0.064 -0.343 0.086 -0.395 0.061 1906 -0.292 0.087 -0.428 0.064 -0.262 0.086 -0.396 0.061 1907 -0.469 0.081 -0.433 0.062 -0.421 0.082 -0.399 0.059 1908 -0.484 0.087 -0.462 0.061 -0.462 0.086 -0.426 0.059 1909 -0.548 0.075 -0.513 0.059 -0.507 0.075 -0.478 0.056 1910 -0.520 0.086 -0.511 0.058 -0.479 0.084 -0.479 0.056 1911 -0.542 0.080 -0.499 0.057 -0.523 0.080 -0.463 0.054 1912 -0.463 0.078 -0.439 0.058 -0.423 0.078 -0.406 0.056 1913 -0.423 0.077 -0.371 0.058 -0.386 0.076 -0.340 0.056 1914 -0.250 0.082 -0.347 0.058 -0.221 0.081 -0.313 0.057 1915 -0.178 0.085 -0.361 0.059 -0.149 0.086 -0.325 0.058 1916 -0.424 0.086 -0.352 0.059 -0.387 0.088 -0.315 0.059 1917 -0.529 0.085 -0.363 0.059 -0.482 0.087 -0.328 0.060 1918 -0.379 0.080 -0.384 0.059 -0.334 0.083 -0.352 0.060 1919 -0.304 0.085 -0.340 0.057 -0.288 0.088 -0.314 0.059 1920 -0.285 0.082 -0.294 0.055 -0.270 0.084 -0.275 0.056 1921 -0.205 0.075 -0.275 0.054 -0.197 0.077 -0.263 0.055 1922 -0.299 0.075 -0.268 0.052 -0.285 0.075 -0.258 0.052 1923 -0.282 0.072 -0.257 0.051 -0.276 0.073 -0.247 0.051 1924 -0.271 0.071 -0.231 0.050 -0.263 0.072 -0.219 0.050 1925 -0.228 0.070 -0.209 0.049 -0.214 0.071 -0.197 0.050 1926 -0.075 0.071 -0.186 0.049 -0.057 0.072 -0.175 0.050 1927 -0.189 0.065 -0.205 0.048 -0.176 0.066 -0.188 0.049 1928 -0.170 0.067 -0.187 0.049 -0.163 0.068 -0.173 0.049 1929 -0.362 0.066 -0.189 0.048 -0.332 0.068 -0.178 0.049 1930 -0.139 0.070 -0.175 0.048 -0.136 0.070 -0.166 0.048 1931 -0.087 0.067 -0.203 0.048 -0.084 0.069 -0.191 0.048 1932 -0.119 0.065 -0.164 0.048 -0.117 0.066 -0.155 0.048 1933 -0.308 0.067 -0.178 0.047 -0.286 0.068 -0.165 0.047 1934 -0.165 0.067 -0.191 0.046 -0.154 0.067 -0.176 0.046 1935 -0.209 0.066 -0.165 0.046 -0.185 0.067 -0.154 0.046 1936 -0.157 0.063 -0.101 0.045 -0.139 0.064 -0.098 0.045 1937 0.011 0.066 -0.070 0.045 -0.004 0.066 -0.066 0.045 1938 0.015 0.067 -0.011 0.046 -0.007 0.068 -0.016 0.046 1939 -0.011 0.072 0.032 0.046 0.005 0.074 0.028 0.047 1940 0.085 0.074 0.033 0.049 0.067 0.077 0.035 0.051 1941 0.058 0.074 0.042 0.054 0.080 0.078 0.045 0.056 1942 0.018 0.084 0.073 0.058 0.028 0.089 0.072 0.062 1943 0.059 0.086 0.058 0.062 0.044 0.090 0.064 0.066 1944 0.144 0.085 0.034 0.058 0.142 0.090 0.039 0.062 1945 0.010 0.083 0.038 0.054 0.024 0.088 0.035 0.057 1946 -0.063 0.082 0.011 0.053 -0.043 0.087 0.017 0.056 1947 0.038 0.085 -0.038 0.054 0.007 0.089 -0.028 0.058 1948 -0.072 0.088 -0.075 0.058 -0.046 0.093 -0.066 0.062 1949 -0.101 0.071 -0.062 0.056 -0.082 0.075 -0.056 0.060 1950 -0.175 0.068 -0.056 0.053 -0.166 0.071 -0.045 0.056 1951 0.003 0.064 -0.015 0.049 0.009 0.068 -0.012 0.052 1952 0.068 0.067 -0.007 0.048 0.060 0.070 -0.009 0.050 1953 0.132 0.067 0.005 0.046 0.117 0.069 -0.001 0.049 1954 -0.063 0.066 -0.032 0.044 -0.068 0.070 -0.041 0.046 1955 -0.115 0.063 -0.033 0.041 -0.123 0.066 -0.039 0.044 1956 -0.184 0.055 -0.047 0.040 -0.194 0.058 -0.047 0.042 1957 0.063 0.063 -0.027 0.038 0.070 0.064 -0.025 0.041 1958 0.064 0.055 -0.006 0.037 0.082 0.058 -0.002 0.039 1959 0.035 0.051 0.045 0.035 0.040 0.055 0.054 0.037 1960 -0.010 0.052 0.038 0.035 -0.007 0.055 0.044 0.037 1961 0.074 0.049 0.038 0.035 0.083 0.053 0.043 0.036 1962 0.025 0.052 -0.010 0.034 0.023 0.054 -0.001 0.036 1963 0.064 0.052 -0.028 0.034 0.074 0.055 -0.021 0.036 1964 -0.203 0.049 -0.050 0.034 -0.181 0.052 -0.044 0.036 1965 -0.104 0.050 -0.053 0.034 -0.105 0.053 -0.049 0.036 1966 -0.032 0.051 -0.077 0.032 -0.033 0.054 -0.072 0.034 1967 0.008 0.048 -0.019 0.030 -0.003 0.051 -0.019 0.033 1968 -0.054 0.045 0.006 0.029 -0.040 0.049 0.010 0.031 1969 0.087 0.046 -0.007 0.028 0.088 0.049 -0.003 0.030 1970 0.021 0.046 -0.011 0.028 0.037 0.049 -0.004 0.030 1971 -0.098 0.046 0.020 0.027 -0.097 0.049 0.026 0.029 1972 -0.009 0.045 -0.019 0.026 -0.006 0.048 -0.018 0.028 1973 0.102 0.042 -0.035 0.025 0.107 0.045 -0.038 0.027 1974 -0.113 0.042 -0.048 0.025 -0.132 0.045 -0.051 0.026 1975 -0.056 0.044 -0.019 0.024 -0.060 0.047 -0.027 0.026 1976 -0.165 0.045 -0.038 0.024 -0.165 0.047 -0.048 0.026 1977 0.137 0.042 0.004 0.022 0.116 0.045 0.001 0.024 1978 0.006 0.041 0.059 0.022 0.002 0.043 0.052 0.023 1979 0.099 0.030 0.145 0.021 0.111 0.031 0.129 0.022 1980 0.216 0.035 0.126 0.022 0.194 0.037 0.115 0.023 1981 0.266 0.037 0.171 0.022 0.222 0.039 0.159 0.023 1982 0.042 0.039 0.166 0.023 0.046 0.042 0.146 0.024 1983 0.234 0.041 0.133 0.023 0.224 0.043 0.116 0.025 1984 0.069 0.036 0.101 0.023 0.046 0.038 0.089 0.025 1985 0.052 0.034 0.141 0.023 0.041 0.034 0.125 0.025 1986 0.108 0.032 0.152 0.023 0.086 0.034 0.132 0.025 1987 0.243 0.033 0.171 0.024 0.227 0.035 0.151 0.026 1988 0.288 0.035 0.233 0.026 0.257 0.037 0.210 0.028 1989 0.166 0.038 0.280 0.028 0.144 0.040 0.252 0.029 1990 0.362 0.038 0.263 0.029 0.333 0.040 0.238 0.031 1991 0.340 0.039 0.243 0.031 0.300 0.042 0.220 0.033 1992 0.159 0.040 0.259 0.032 0.157 0.043 0.239 0.034 1993 0.188 0.043 0.265 0.034 0.167 0.046 0.241 0.036 1994 0.245 0.043 0.255 0.035 0.238 0.046 0.225 0.037 1995 0.393 0.044 0.311 0.036 0.342 0.047 0.276 0.038 1996 0.292 0.043 0.390 0.037 0.223 0.046 0.348 0.039 1997 0.438 0.043 0.412 0.038 0.411 0.045 0.361 0.040 1998 0.584 0.046 0.406 0.039 0.527 0.049 0.355 0.041 1999 0.352 0.047 0.448 0.040 0.302 0.050 0.404 0.042 2000 0.364 0.048 0.477 0.041 0.311 0.051 0.427 0.043 2001 0.503 0.047 0.475 0.041 0.467 0.050 0.427 0.044 2002 0.584 0.046 0.499 0.041 0.528 0.049 0.457 0.044 2003 0.571 0.046 0.557 0.041 0.525 0.049 0.510 0.044 2004 0.472 0.044 0.576 0.041 0.455 0.047 0.518 0.043 2005 0.653 0.047 0.580 0.041 0.577 0.049 0.517 0.043 2006 0.600 0.044 0.560 0.040 0.507 0.047 0.496 0.042 2007 0.606 0.043 0.584 0.040 0.523 0.045 0.509 0.042 2008 0.467 0.042 0.589 0.040 0.417 0.044 0.512 0.042 2009 0.594 0.043 0.580 0.040 0.521 0.045 0.503 0.042 2010 0.676 0.043 0.574 0.039 0.591 0.046 0.498 0.042 2011 0.556 0.043 0.599 0.039 0.463 0.045 0.523 0.042 2012 0.577 0.043 0.613 0.039 0.496 0.045 0.540 0.042 2013 0.594 0.045 0.637 0.040 0.546 0.047 0.571 0.042 2014 0.661 0.045 0.715 0.040 0.604 0.047 0.644 0.042 2015 0.800 0.043 NaN NaN 0.748 0.045 NaN NaN 2016 0.942 0.043 NaN NaN 0.826 0.046 NaN NaN