% This file contains a brief summary of the changes in Earth's global average % surface temperature estimated by combining the Berkeley Earth land-surface % temperature field with a reinterpolated version of the HadSST ocean temperture % field. % % Two versions of this average are reported. These differ in how they treat % locations with sea ice. In the first version, temperature anomalies in the % presence of sea ice are extrapolated from land-surface air temperature anomalies. % In the second version, temperature anomalies in the presence of sea ice are % extrapolated from sea-surface water temperature anomalies (usually collected % from open water areas on the periphery of the sea ice). For most of the % ocean, sea-surface temperatures are similar to near-surface air temperatures; % however, air temperatures above sea ice can differ substantially from the water % below the sea ice. The air temperature version of this average shows larger % changes in the recent period, in part this is because water temperature changes % are limited by the freezing point of ocean water. We believe that the use of air % temperatures above sea ice provides a more natural means of describing changes in % Earth's surface temperature. % % The percent coverage of sea ice was taken from the HadISST dataset and varies % by month and location. In the typical month, between 3.5% and 5.5% of the % Earth's surface is covered with sea ice. Prior to 1900, the ice field merely % repeats a seasonal climatology and is not directly constrained by observations. % For more information on the processing and use of HadISST and HadSST refer to % the description file for the combined gridded data product. % % Temperatures are in Celsius and reported as anomalies % relative to the Jan 1951-Dec 1980 average. Uncertainties represent the 95% confidence % interval for statistical and spatial undersampling effects as well as ocean biases. % % % The land analysis was run on 10-Jan-2014 14:51:32 % The ocean analysis was published on 15-Jan-2014 09:30:26 % % The land component is based on 39652 time series % with 15262727 monthly data points % % The ocean component is based on 294576414 instantaneous % water temperature observations % % Estimated Jan 1951-Dec 1980 global mean temperature (C) % Using air temperature above sea ice: 14.774 +/- 0.046 % Using water temperature below sea ice: 15.313 +/- 0.046 % % % Land + Ocean anomaly using air temperature above sea ice Land + Ocean using water temperature below sea ice % Year, Annual Anomaly, Annual Unc., Five-year Anomaly, Five-year Unc., Annual Anomaly, Annual Unc., Five-year Anomaly, Five-year Unc. 1850 -0.444 0.194 NaN NaN -0.415 0.182 NaN NaN 1851 -0.279 0.204 NaN NaN -0.268 0.192 NaN NaN 1852 -0.285 0.202 -0.323 0.139 -0.265 0.189 -0.305 0.128 1853 -0.335 0.176 -0.280 0.130 -0.316 0.164 -0.264 0.120 1854 -0.272 0.157 -0.312 0.121 -0.261 0.147 -0.292 0.112 1855 -0.231 0.152 -0.363 0.113 -0.209 0.143 -0.340 0.105 1856 -0.436 0.149 -0.375 0.109 -0.408 0.141 -0.352 0.102 1857 -0.539 0.150 -0.387 0.113 -0.504 0.142 -0.364 0.106 1858 -0.396 0.180 -0.422 0.119 -0.377 0.168 -0.399 0.111 1859 -0.335 0.157 -0.427 0.122 -0.324 0.152 -0.406 0.115 1860 -0.403 0.164 -0.432 0.132 -0.384 0.159 -0.410 0.126 1861 -0.464 0.175 -0.418 0.143 -0.442 0.175 -0.395 0.138 1862 -0.564 0.211 -0.430 0.149 -0.523 0.204 -0.405 0.145 1863 -0.325 0.232 -0.407 0.155 -0.303 0.226 -0.383 0.152 1864 -0.393 0.182 -0.362 0.156 -0.373 0.181 -0.338 0.155 1865 -0.292 0.205 -0.293 0.155 -0.274 0.207 -0.276 0.155 1866 -0.239 0.190 -0.268 0.144 -0.218 0.193 -0.251 0.145 1867 -0.215 0.198 -0.231 0.139 -0.210 0.198 -0.217 0.140 1868 -0.202 0.175 -0.231 0.127 -0.180 0.174 -0.217 0.126 1869 -0.209 0.156 -0.243 0.123 -0.205 0.152 -0.229 0.120 1870 -0.288 0.145 -0.257 0.113 -0.275 0.141 -0.241 0.109 1871 -0.299 0.180 -0.266 0.113 -0.274 0.170 -0.251 0.107 1872 -0.286 0.142 -0.289 0.111 -0.269 0.137 -0.275 0.104 1873 -0.246 0.141 -0.306 0.106 -0.231 0.136 -0.290 0.100 1874 -0.325 0.133 -0.326 0.094 -0.326 0.131 -0.310 0.090 1875 -0.376 0.124 -0.270 0.090 -0.348 0.122 -0.256 0.087 1876 -0.396 0.116 -0.204 0.087 -0.374 0.116 -0.194 0.084 1877 -0.007 0.126 -0.186 0.083 0.001 0.124 -0.171 0.081 1878 0.081 0.124 -0.171 0.088 0.077 0.121 -0.157 0.084 1879 -0.232 0.103 -0.135 0.090 -0.211 0.102 -0.122 0.085 1880 -0.303 0.131 -0.187 0.085 -0.278 0.124 -0.169 0.080 1881 -0.213 0.112 -0.271 0.082 -0.197 0.108 -0.248 0.078 1882 -0.270 0.101 -0.324 0.082 -0.235 0.099 -0.296 0.077 1883 -0.339 0.099 -0.359 0.074 -0.319 0.095 -0.328 0.070 1884 -0.497 0.093 -0.416 0.069 -0.450 0.089 -0.380 0.065 1885 -0.479 0.093 -0.467 0.067 -0.437 0.088 -0.428 0.063 1886 -0.498 0.088 -0.464 0.069 -0.460 0.084 -0.423 0.064 1887 -0.522 0.090 -0.405 0.065 -0.474 0.087 -0.369 0.061 1888 -0.325 0.105 -0.407 0.060 -0.296 0.099 -0.373 0.058 1889 -0.201 0.087 -0.383 0.063 -0.180 0.087 -0.350 0.062 1890 -0.490 0.089 -0.363 0.063 -0.453 0.090 -0.336 0.063 1891 -0.378 0.093 -0.376 0.063 -0.346 0.095 -0.351 0.063 1892 -0.421 0.089 -0.414 0.067 -0.403 0.091 -0.390 0.066 1893 -0.388 0.097 -0.383 0.070 -0.375 0.096 -0.363 0.069 1894 -0.394 0.102 -0.349 0.071 -0.373 0.101 -0.330 0.069 1895 -0.336 0.093 -0.307 0.072 -0.317 0.094 -0.289 0.071 1896 -0.208 0.096 -0.313 0.068 -0.183 0.096 -0.294 0.067 1897 -0.212 0.091 -0.288 0.061 -0.199 0.092 -0.269 0.061 1898 -0.417 0.081 -0.250 0.060 -0.396 0.084 -0.234 0.060 1899 -0.266 0.080 -0.253 0.058 -0.249 0.082 -0.240 0.058 1900 -0.147 0.092 -0.283 0.057 -0.143 0.092 -0.268 0.057 1901 -0.222 0.090 -0.293 0.057 -0.215 0.090 -0.279 0.057 1902 -0.363 0.084 -0.339 0.060 -0.338 0.083 -0.326 0.059 1903 -0.465 0.080 -0.379 0.057 -0.451 0.080 -0.364 0.057 1904 -0.498 0.085 -0.388 0.056 -0.484 0.084 -0.372 0.056 1905 -0.349 0.073 -0.403 0.058 -0.335 0.074 -0.387 0.056 1906 -0.263 0.076 -0.403 0.057 -0.250 0.077 -0.388 0.056 1907 -0.440 0.084 -0.407 0.056 -0.415 0.082 -0.392 0.054 1908 -0.464 0.073 -0.436 0.057 -0.459 0.073 -0.420 0.055 1909 -0.521 0.076 -0.487 0.059 -0.502 0.074 -0.472 0.056 1910 -0.494 0.068 -0.486 0.056 -0.472 0.068 -0.472 0.054 1911 -0.516 0.081 -0.473 0.057 -0.514 0.078 -0.457 0.054 1912 -0.434 0.068 -0.414 0.056 -0.415 0.067 -0.399 0.053 1913 -0.400 0.074 -0.348 0.056 -0.381 0.072 -0.334 0.054 1914 -0.227 0.074 -0.327 0.056 -0.215 0.074 -0.310 0.054 1915 -0.164 0.080 -0.341 0.057 -0.148 0.081 -0.323 0.056 1916 -0.408 0.082 -0.333 0.058 -0.390 0.083 -0.312 0.058 1917 -0.507 0.081 -0.345 0.062 -0.479 0.083 -0.326 0.062 1918 -0.361 0.087 -0.366 0.062 -0.328 0.089 -0.350 0.062 1919 -0.284 0.092 -0.323 0.060 -0.284 0.092 -0.310 0.060 1920 -0.270 0.077 -0.279 0.057 -0.267 0.078 -0.272 0.057 1921 -0.193 0.073 -0.261 0.055 -0.193 0.073 -0.261 0.055 1922 -0.289 0.065 -0.255 0.050 -0.287 0.066 -0.255 0.050 1923 -0.270 0.065 -0.244 0.049 -0.273 0.065 -0.243 0.049 1924 -0.253 0.064 -0.219 0.047 -0.257 0.065 -0.216 0.048 1925 -0.213 0.071 -0.198 0.047 -0.205 0.071 -0.194 0.048 1926 -0.070 0.064 -0.178 0.047 -0.057 0.065 -0.172 0.048 1927 -0.184 0.062 -0.197 0.047 -0.176 0.063 -0.187 0.048 1928 -0.170 0.063 -0.178 0.046 -0.167 0.064 -0.172 0.046 1929 -0.347 0.063 -0.179 0.046 -0.331 0.063 -0.175 0.046 1930 -0.121 0.063 -0.164 0.045 -0.128 0.064 -0.162 0.045 1931 -0.070 0.063 -0.189 0.044 -0.074 0.064 -0.185 0.044 1932 -0.110 0.060 -0.150 0.043 -0.111 0.061 -0.148 0.043 1933 -0.294 0.060 -0.163 0.042 -0.283 0.061 -0.157 0.042 1934 -0.152 0.059 -0.176 0.041 -0.146 0.059 -0.168 0.041 1935 -0.187 0.059 -0.149 0.041 -0.173 0.060 -0.146 0.041 1936 -0.135 0.057 -0.084 0.040 -0.128 0.058 -0.089 0.041 1937 0.026 0.058 -0.054 0.040 0.002 0.058 -0.059 0.041 1938 0.027 0.057 0.002 0.041 -0.001 0.057 -0.010 0.042 1939 -0.003 0.061 0.043 0.043 0.005 0.063 0.032 0.044 1940 0.095 0.070 0.044 0.047 0.072 0.072 0.037 0.048 1941 0.070 0.073 0.052 0.053 0.084 0.076 0.046 0.055 1942 0.030 0.087 0.086 0.058 0.027 0.091 0.075 0.060 1943 0.065 0.087 0.073 0.062 0.043 0.091 0.067 0.064 1944 0.168 0.086 0.051 0.059 0.149 0.089 0.042 0.061 1945 0.030 0.085 0.055 0.054 0.029 0.089 0.039 0.056 1946 -0.037 0.084 0.032 0.053 -0.037 0.088 0.022 0.055 1947 0.050 0.082 -0.018 0.055 0.008 0.086 -0.024 0.058 1948 -0.050 0.084 -0.056 0.059 -0.039 0.088 -0.062 0.062 1949 -0.084 0.068 -0.046 0.056 -0.080 0.070 -0.053 0.058 1950 -0.162 0.064 -0.041 0.052 -0.164 0.067 -0.042 0.054 1951 0.014 0.061 -0.002 0.048 0.009 0.063 -0.010 0.050 1952 0.077 0.062 0.003 0.046 0.062 0.064 -0.008 0.048 1953 0.143 0.062 0.014 0.044 0.121 0.064 -0.000 0.046 1954 -0.056 0.058 -0.024 0.042 -0.071 0.060 -0.041 0.044 1955 -0.108 0.055 -0.026 0.041 -0.124 0.057 -0.039 0.043 1956 -0.178 0.051 -0.040 0.039 -0.194 0.054 -0.047 0.041 1957 0.071 0.064 -0.020 0.038 0.073 0.063 -0.024 0.040 1958 0.071 0.048 0.002 0.036 0.082 0.050 -0.002 0.037 1959 0.045 0.046 0.052 0.035 0.041 0.049 0.053 0.036 1960 -0.001 0.044 0.045 0.032 -0.009 0.046 0.044 0.034 1961 0.076 0.042 0.045 0.032 0.080 0.044 0.043 0.034 1962 0.033 0.047 -0.004 0.032 0.025 0.048 -0.003 0.033 1963 0.074 0.048 -0.024 0.032 0.078 0.049 -0.022 0.034 1964 -0.200 0.043 -0.046 0.032 -0.186 0.045 -0.045 0.034 1965 -0.101 0.043 -0.051 0.031 -0.105 0.045 -0.051 0.033 1966 -0.033 0.041 -0.076 0.029 -0.034 0.043 -0.073 0.031 1967 0.006 0.038 -0.018 0.028 -0.006 0.040 -0.018 0.029 1968 -0.051 0.035 0.005 0.026 -0.035 0.037 0.010 0.028 1969 0.087 0.035 -0.008 0.025 0.089 0.037 -0.003 0.026 1970 0.017 0.035 -0.011 0.024 0.034 0.037 -0.002 0.026 1971 -0.100 0.035 0.018 0.023 -0.097 0.037 0.026 0.025 1972 -0.007 0.035 -0.024 0.023 -0.003 0.036 -0.018 0.024 1973 0.093 0.032 -0.042 0.023 0.105 0.034 -0.037 0.024 1974 -0.125 0.036 -0.057 0.022 -0.130 0.036 -0.051 0.023 1975 -0.071 0.034 -0.032 0.021 -0.061 0.035 -0.028 0.022 1976 -0.177 0.034 -0.051 0.021 -0.166 0.036 -0.048 0.022 1977 0.120 0.032 -0.010 0.019 0.113 0.033 0.001 0.020 1978 -0.003 0.032 0.045 0.019 0.004 0.034 0.051 0.020 1979 0.084 0.029 0.131 0.019 0.115 0.030 0.128 0.019 1980 0.203 0.031 0.113 0.020 0.191 0.032 0.114 0.021 1981 0.250 0.035 0.158 0.021 0.216 0.036 0.158 0.022 1982 0.032 0.035 0.153 0.022 0.045 0.037 0.144 0.023 1983 0.222 0.034 0.121 0.023 0.222 0.036 0.115 0.024 1984 0.057 0.034 0.089 0.023 0.046 0.035 0.089 0.024 1985 0.043 0.033 0.129 0.024 0.044 0.034 0.126 0.025 1986 0.092 0.037 0.140 0.024 0.088 0.038 0.133 0.025 1987 0.231 0.034 0.160 0.025 0.230 0.036 0.153 0.026 1988 0.279 0.035 0.221 0.027 0.258 0.037 0.210 0.028 1989 0.156 0.038 0.268 0.029 0.144 0.040 0.252 0.030 1990 0.346 0.038 0.251 0.030 0.331 0.040 0.237 0.032 1991 0.329 0.040 0.232 0.032 0.300 0.042 0.220 0.033 1992 0.146 0.041 0.246 0.033 0.155 0.043 0.238 0.035 1993 0.181 0.043 0.252 0.035 0.169 0.044 0.240 0.036 1994 0.230 0.043 0.242 0.036 0.237 0.045 0.225 0.038 1995 0.377 0.045 0.296 0.036 0.339 0.047 0.276 0.038 1996 0.276 0.043 0.373 0.037 0.224 0.045 0.348 0.039 1997 0.417 0.042 0.394 0.038 0.413 0.044 0.360 0.040 1998 0.568 0.046 0.389 0.039 0.527 0.049 0.355 0.041 1999 0.333 0.047 0.432 0.040 0.299 0.049 0.402 0.042 2000 0.353 0.046 0.462 0.041 0.310 0.049 0.425 0.043 2001 0.490 0.047 0.459 0.041 0.464 0.050 0.424 0.044 2002 0.567 0.047 0.483 0.041 0.525 0.050 0.455 0.044 2003 0.552 0.048 0.540 0.042 0.521 0.050 0.508 0.044 2004 0.456 0.046 0.557 0.042 0.456 0.048 0.516 0.044 2005 0.634 0.047 0.562 0.041 0.575 0.049 0.516 0.043 2006 0.579 0.046 0.541 0.041 0.505 0.048 0.494 0.043 2007 0.587 0.044 0.562 0.041 0.522 0.046 0.506 0.043 2008 0.447 0.045 0.561 0.041 0.413 0.047 0.508 0.043 2009 0.560 0.044 0.546 0.040 0.516 0.046 0.499 0.042 2010 0.630 0.044 0.536 0.040 0.584 0.047 0.492 0.042 2011 0.507 0.045 0.558 NaN 0.457 0.047 0.517 NaN 2012 0.538 0.046 NaN NaN 0.488 0.048 NaN NaN 2013 0.557 NaN NaN NaN 0.540 NaN NaN NaN