% This file contains a brief summary of the changes in Earth's global average % surface temperature estimated by combining the Berkeley Earth land-surface % temperature field with a reinterpolated version of the HadSST4 ocean temperature % field. % % The current citation for this dataset is: % % Rohde, R. A. and Hausfather, Z.: The Berkeley Earth Land/Ocean Temperature % Record, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3469�3479, % https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3469-2020, 2020. % % The dataset differs slightly from the dataset as described in the citation as % HadSST3 has been replaced with the newer HadSST4, and associated interpolation % parameters have been refit accordingly. No other changes in methods were needed % when moving to the new version of HadSST. % % Two versions of this average are reported. These differ in how they treat % locations with sea ice. In the first version, temperature anomalies in the % presence of sea ice are extrapolated from land-surface air temperature anomalies. % In the second version, temperature anomalies in the presence of sea ice are % extrapolated from sea-surface water temperature anomalies (usually collected % from open water areas on the periphery of the sea ice). For most of the % ocean, sea-surface temperatures are similar to near-surface air temperatures; % however, air temperatures above sea ice can differ substantially from the water % below the sea ice. The air temperature version of this average shows larger % changes in the recent period, in part this is because water temperature changes % are limited by the freezing point of ocean water. We believe that the use of air % temperatures above sea ice provides a more natural means of describing changes in % Earth's surface temperature. % % The percent coverage of sea ice was taken from the HadISST v2 dataset and varies % by month and location. In the typical month, between 3.5% and 5.5% of the % Earth's surface is covered with sea ice. For more information on the processing % and use of HadISST and HadSST refer to the description file for the combined % gridded data product. % % Temperatures are in Celsius and reported as anomalies % relative to the Jan 1951-Dec 1980 average. Uncertainties represent the 95% confidence % interval for statistical and spatial undersampling effects as well as ocean biases. % % % The land analysis was run on 03-Jan-2023 08:24:46 % The ocean analysis was published on 10-Jan-2023 05:22:13 % % The land component is based on 50498 time series % with 21072130 monthly data points % % The ocean component is based on 456053058 instantaneous % water temperature observations % % Estimated Jan 1951-Dec 1980 global mean temperature (C) % Using air temperature above sea ice: 14.104 +/- 0.027 % Using water temperature below sea ice: 14.700 +/- 0.027 % % % Land + Ocean anomaly using air temperature above sea ice Land + Ocean using water temperature below sea ice % Year, Annual Anomaly, Annual Unc., Five-year Anomaly, Five-year Unc., Annual Anomaly, Annual Unc., Five-year Anomaly, Five-year Unc. 1850 -0.450 0.191 NaN NaN -0.430 0.171 NaN NaN 1851 -0.334 0.199 NaN NaN -0.330 0.174 NaN NaN 1852 -0.309 0.209 -0.342 0.146 -0.293 0.183 -0.330 0.129 1853 -0.315 0.151 -0.312 0.121 -0.301 0.133 -0.300 0.109 1854 -0.304 0.125 -0.328 0.098 -0.295 0.116 -0.314 0.091 1855 -0.297 0.121 -0.378 0.081 -0.278 0.112 -0.361 0.078 1856 -0.416 0.117 -0.385 0.080 -0.405 0.109 -0.369 0.078 1857 -0.559 0.130 -0.373 0.085 -0.528 0.120 -0.357 0.081 1858 -0.352 0.113 -0.392 0.079 -0.339 0.104 -0.377 0.078 1859 -0.241 0.126 -0.403 0.078 -0.233 0.115 -0.385 0.077 1860 -0.394 0.112 -0.405 0.083 -0.381 0.104 -0.384 0.082 1861 -0.469 0.136 -0.403 0.096 -0.444 0.130 -0.379 0.095 1862 -0.569 0.139 -0.427 0.102 -0.523 0.132 -0.402 0.101 1863 -0.340 0.164 -0.399 0.110 -0.317 0.154 -0.375 0.112 1864 -0.361 0.131 -0.350 0.112 -0.344 0.126 -0.327 0.115 1865 -0.258 0.150 -0.271 0.126 -0.249 0.150 -0.258 0.128 1866 -0.220 0.150 -0.248 0.122 -0.204 0.149 -0.235 0.126 1867 -0.177 0.157 -0.222 0.119 -0.175 0.153 -0.212 0.123 1868 -0.224 0.161 -0.230 0.115 -0.203 0.167 -0.220 0.115 1869 -0.230 0.114 -0.251 0.110 -0.230 0.109 -0.241 0.102 1870 -0.297 0.132 -0.275 0.096 -0.286 0.119 -0.262 0.086 1871 -0.329 0.107 -0.282 0.082 -0.311 0.100 -0.271 0.078 1872 -0.293 0.108 -0.299 0.087 -0.283 0.101 -0.290 0.081 1873 -0.262 0.113 -0.310 0.080 -0.247 0.103 -0.298 0.076 1874 -0.310 0.113 -0.316 0.074 -0.322 0.102 -0.305 0.071 1875 -0.355 0.090 -0.253 0.074 -0.329 0.083 -0.244 0.071 1876 -0.361 0.096 -0.180 0.069 -0.342 0.090 -0.179 0.068 1877 0.021 0.087 -0.166 0.065 0.021 0.084 -0.160 0.065 1878 0.104 0.094 -0.158 0.067 0.077 0.090 -0.154 0.066 1879 -0.238 0.089 -0.125 0.070 -0.227 0.082 -0.124 0.068 1880 -0.314 0.105 -0.180 0.068 -0.296 0.093 -0.175 0.066 1881 -0.199 0.092 -0.262 0.067 -0.196 0.086 -0.250 0.064 1882 -0.250 0.083 -0.309 0.065 -0.230 0.079 -0.292 0.063 1883 -0.306 0.080 -0.335 0.064 -0.299 0.077 -0.317 0.063 1884 -0.476 0.080 -0.390 0.065 -0.440 0.075 -0.367 0.063 1885 -0.443 0.095 -0.441 0.067 -0.419 0.090 -0.415 0.064 1886 -0.473 0.092 -0.439 0.070 -0.449 0.085 -0.413 0.066 1887 -0.507 0.086 -0.378 0.071 -0.469 0.080 -0.358 0.066 1888 -0.298 0.084 -0.382 0.068 -0.286 0.077 -0.362 0.065 1889 -0.170 0.080 -0.357 0.067 -0.169 0.075 -0.337 0.065 1890 -0.462 0.084 -0.337 0.067 -0.438 0.081 -0.323 0.066 1891 -0.347 0.087 -0.355 0.068 -0.323 0.084 -0.342 0.067 1892 -0.408 0.080 -0.396 0.069 -0.396 0.079 -0.381 0.069 1893 -0.388 0.082 -0.365 0.070 -0.381 0.079 -0.352 0.070 1894 -0.377 0.082 -0.338 0.070 -0.364 0.083 -0.327 0.071 1895 -0.303 0.086 -0.296 0.073 -0.296 0.084 -0.290 0.074 1896 -0.215 0.092 -0.300 0.074 -0.199 0.090 -0.293 0.075 1897 -0.198 0.095 -0.271 0.075 -0.209 0.091 -0.268 0.075 1898 -0.407 0.082 -0.236 0.074 -0.398 0.081 -0.237 0.074 1899 -0.234 0.088 -0.233 0.075 -0.236 0.085 -0.241 0.074 1900 -0.125 0.084 -0.266 0.074 -0.142 0.084 -0.270 0.074 1901 -0.200 0.089 -0.277 0.073 -0.217 0.087 -0.284 0.074 1902 -0.363 0.086 -0.334 0.073 -0.356 0.085 -0.340 0.075 1903 -0.463 0.083 -0.377 0.073 -0.466 0.083 -0.379 0.075 1904 -0.520 0.088 -0.388 0.074 -0.516 0.086 -0.388 0.076 1905 -0.338 0.085 -0.400 0.074 -0.342 0.084 -0.399 0.076 1906 -0.255 0.088 -0.397 0.072 -0.258 0.089 -0.397 0.074 1907 -0.425 0.084 -0.395 0.070 -0.415 0.083 -0.392 0.071 1908 -0.445 0.081 -0.421 0.068 -0.452 0.078 -0.416 0.068 1909 -0.509 0.076 -0.466 0.064 -0.495 0.072 -0.463 0.063 1910 -0.469 0.077 -0.464 0.061 -0.460 0.071 -0.459 0.060 1911 -0.482 0.072 -0.451 0.060 -0.492 0.069 -0.442 0.059 1912 -0.412 0.069 -0.389 0.060 -0.395 0.067 -0.381 0.059 1913 -0.383 0.070 -0.324 0.061 -0.370 0.067 -0.317 0.060 1914 -0.197 0.074 -0.303 0.063 -0.189 0.070 -0.292 0.061 1915 -0.145 0.081 -0.327 0.066 -0.139 0.077 -0.314 0.065 1916 -0.379 0.083 -0.322 0.068 -0.369 0.078 -0.309 0.067 1917 -0.529 0.085 -0.342 0.071 -0.505 0.085 -0.335 0.072 1918 -0.362 0.084 -0.361 0.073 -0.345 0.084 -0.357 0.073 1919 -0.297 0.093 -0.323 0.074 -0.316 0.092 -0.322 0.075 1920 -0.241 0.087 -0.272 0.073 -0.248 0.085 -0.276 0.074 1921 -0.186 0.085 -0.248 0.074 -0.196 0.084 -0.257 0.074 1922 -0.275 0.082 -0.239 0.073 -0.276 0.081 -0.245 0.073 1923 -0.241 0.083 -0.232 0.072 -0.247 0.082 -0.237 0.073 1924 -0.250 0.082 -0.209 0.073 -0.259 0.081 -0.213 0.073 1925 -0.207 0.082 -0.191 0.073 -0.208 0.081 -0.195 0.074 1926 -0.070 0.085 -0.179 0.074 -0.073 0.083 -0.184 0.074 1927 -0.188 0.083 -0.201 0.074 -0.189 0.082 -0.201 0.075 1928 -0.177 0.084 -0.185 0.075 -0.189 0.083 -0.187 0.076 1929 -0.360 0.086 -0.185 0.074 -0.347 0.084 -0.189 0.075 1930 -0.131 0.085 -0.169 0.073 -0.140 0.085 -0.176 0.074 1931 -0.068 0.082 -0.194 0.072 -0.080 0.081 -0.198 0.073 1932 -0.109 0.079 -0.153 0.071 -0.124 0.078 -0.162 0.071 1933 -0.302 0.079 -0.170 0.070 -0.300 0.077 -0.175 0.070 1934 -0.155 0.079 -0.186 0.069 -0.165 0.077 -0.188 0.069 1935 -0.217 0.080 -0.162 0.069 -0.208 0.078 -0.166 0.069 1936 -0.148 0.078 -0.098 0.069 -0.143 0.076 -0.112 0.069 1937 0.012 0.082 -0.068 0.068 -0.016 0.078 -0.078 0.068 1938 0.017 0.075 -0.009 0.069 -0.026 0.074 -0.027 0.069 1939 -0.005 0.081 0.027 0.072 0.004 0.081 0.010 0.074 1940 0.078 0.092 0.033 0.092 0.046 0.093 0.021 0.096 1941 0.034 0.190 0.049 0.120 0.041 0.202 0.039 0.128 1942 0.043 0.190 0.091 0.152 0.037 0.203 0.074 0.162 1943 0.097 0.190 0.090 0.184 0.067 0.203 0.080 0.198 1944 0.202 0.191 0.069 0.152 0.180 0.204 0.056 0.163 1945 0.075 0.189 0.060 0.125 0.073 0.202 0.038 0.133 1946 -0.071 0.127 0.021 0.106 -0.075 0.134 0.007 0.113 1947 -0.002 0.123 -0.040 0.097 -0.054 0.129 -0.049 0.102 1948 -0.097 0.117 -0.089 0.098 -0.089 0.123 -0.100 0.104 1949 -0.106 0.097 -0.073 0.087 -0.100 0.100 -0.087 0.091 1950 -0.170 0.081 -0.057 0.076 -0.184 0.084 -0.067 0.079 1951 0.008 0.071 -0.007 0.068 -0.010 0.073 -0.024 0.070 1952 0.080 0.076 0.007 0.065 0.050 0.076 -0.018 0.066 1953 0.154 0.078 0.022 0.064 0.122 0.079 -0.007 0.065 1954 -0.038 0.074 -0.015 0.063 -0.067 0.075 -0.047 0.065 1955 -0.095 0.071 -0.021 0.061 -0.131 0.073 -0.050 0.063 1956 -0.176 0.065 -0.040 0.059 -0.212 0.068 -0.064 0.061 1957 0.053 0.062 -0.024 0.057 0.037 0.064 -0.047 0.059 1958 0.058 0.062 -0.008 0.054 0.052 0.062 -0.028 0.056 1959 0.041 0.060 0.039 0.050 0.021 0.062 0.023 0.052 1960 -0.016 0.057 0.029 0.046 -0.040 0.058 0.011 0.047 1961 0.059 0.048 0.026 0.043 0.046 0.049 0.007 0.044 1962 0.001 0.044 -0.027 0.040 -0.025 0.046 -0.040 0.040 1963 0.044 0.053 -0.044 0.038 0.035 0.050 -0.054 0.039 1964 -0.221 0.044 -0.064 0.037 -0.215 0.044 -0.071 0.038 1965 -0.102 0.043 -0.066 0.037 -0.111 0.044 -0.072 0.037 1966 -0.040 0.045 -0.092 0.034 -0.038 0.044 -0.094 0.034 1967 -0.009 0.039 -0.035 0.031 -0.030 0.039 -0.040 0.031 1968 -0.086 0.037 -0.011 0.028 -0.078 0.037 -0.013 0.027 1969 0.063 0.033 -0.024 0.025 0.058 0.032 -0.028 0.024 1970 0.017 0.029 -0.020 0.023 0.025 0.029 -0.022 0.022 1971 -0.103 0.027 0.026 0.022 -0.115 0.027 0.022 0.021 1972 0.007 0.029 0.001 0.022 0.002 0.028 -0.009 0.021 1973 0.143 0.031 -0.002 0.023 0.141 0.030 -0.017 0.022 1974 -0.062 0.033 -0.000 0.024 -0.094 0.032 -0.014 0.023 1975 0.003 0.033 0.045 0.025 -0.017 0.032 0.026 0.023 1976 -0.095 0.036 0.038 0.025 -0.102 0.034 0.016 0.023 1977 0.235 0.032 0.088 0.024 0.203 0.030 0.072 0.022 1978 0.109 0.032 0.148 0.024 0.089 0.030 0.131 0.021 1979 0.185 0.028 0.239 0.022 0.188 0.027 0.212 0.020 1980 0.308 0.031 0.220 0.022 0.276 0.026 0.201 0.020 1981 0.357 0.027 0.263 0.022 0.306 0.027 0.245 0.020 1982 0.142 0.033 0.257 0.023 0.146 0.033 0.232 0.020 1983 0.322 0.035 0.225 0.022 0.308 0.035 0.202 0.020 1984 0.155 0.030 0.195 0.022 0.123 0.030 0.175 0.020 1985 0.151 0.030 0.235 0.021 0.127 0.028 0.209 0.020 1986 0.205 0.030 0.249 0.021 0.169 0.029 0.218 0.020 1987 0.344 0.027 0.273 0.021 0.317 0.027 0.242 0.019 1988 0.389 0.032 0.335 0.021 0.353 0.029 0.300 0.020 1989 0.275 0.030 0.384 0.021 0.243 0.030 0.345 0.020 1990 0.462 0.030 0.363 0.023 0.419 0.029 0.326 0.020 1991 0.449 0.029 0.345 0.022 0.392 0.029 0.307 0.021 1992 0.241 0.032 0.359 0.022 0.224 0.031 0.322 0.021 1993 0.298 0.031 0.368 0.022 0.258 0.031 0.325 0.021 1994 0.346 0.031 0.356 0.022 0.320 0.030 0.308 0.021 1995 0.504 0.029 0.415 0.022 0.430 0.029 0.362 0.021 1996 0.393 0.028 0.492 0.023 0.307 0.028 0.432 0.021 1997 0.534 0.029 0.511 0.023 0.494 0.029 0.442 0.021 1998 0.684 0.031 0.499 0.023 0.608 0.031 0.430 0.021 1999 0.442 0.030 0.535 0.023 0.372 0.029 0.472 0.021 2000 0.442 0.030 0.562 0.022 0.368 0.029 0.492 0.021 2001 0.576 0.029 0.556 0.022 0.520 0.028 0.489 0.021 2002 0.669 0.028 0.581 0.022 0.594 0.027 0.520 0.021 2003 0.651 0.028 0.638 0.022 0.590 0.027 0.573 0.021 2004 0.565 0.026 0.660 0.021 0.530 0.027 0.583 0.020 2005 0.731 0.028 0.665 0.022 0.632 0.027 0.582 0.021 2006 0.682 0.027 0.648 0.022 0.571 0.026 0.561 0.022 2007 0.695 0.028 0.676 0.023 0.586 0.026 0.576 0.022 2008 0.567 0.028 0.684 0.023 0.486 0.028 0.581 0.022 2009 0.704 0.025 0.680 0.025 0.605 0.025 0.575 0.023 2010 0.772 0.028 0.678 0.026 0.659 0.027 0.573 0.024 2011 0.662 0.035 0.704 0.026 0.541 0.030 0.600 0.023 2012 0.682 0.036 0.718 0.026 0.574 0.030 0.615 0.024 2013 0.701 0.028 0.747 0.026 0.622 0.028 0.652 0.023 2014 0.773 0.029 0.825 0.025 0.680 0.029 0.727 0.023 2015 0.917 0.027 0.881 0.024 0.845 0.026 0.780 0.022 2016 1.054 0.029 0.917 0.024 0.913 0.025 0.807 0.022 2017 0.958 0.030 0.966 0.024 0.838 0.027 0.850 0.022 2018 0.883 0.028 0.992 0.024 0.760 0.026 0.867 0.022 2019 1.020 0.028 0.960 0.024 0.893 0.026 0.841 0.023 2020 1.046 0.027 0.954 0.023 0.931 0.027 0.834 0.022 2021 0.892 0.027 NaN NaN 0.783 0.027 NaN NaN 2022 0.929 0.028 NaN NaN 0.805 0.028 NaN NaN