% This file contains a brief summary of the changes in Earth's global average % surface temperature estimated by combining the Berkeley Earth land-surface % temperature field with a reinterpolated version of the HadSST ocean temperature % field. % % Two versions of this average are reported. These differ in how they treat % locations with sea ice. In the first version, temperature anomalies in the % presence of sea ice are extrapolated from land-surface air temperature anomalies. % In the second version, temperature anomalies in the presence of sea ice are % extrapolated from sea-surface water temperature anomalies (usually collected % from open water areas on the periphery of the sea ice). For most of the % ocean, sea-surface temperatures are similar to near-surface air temperatures; % however, air temperatures above sea ice can differ substantially from the water % below the sea ice. The air temperature version of this average shows larger % changes in the recent period, in part this is because water temperature changes % are limited by the freezing point of ocean water. We believe that the use of air % temperatures above sea ice provides a more natural means of describing changes in % Earth's surface temperature. % % The percent coverage of sea ice was taken from the HadISST dataset and varies % by month and location. In the typical month, between 3.5% and 5.5% of the % Earth's surface is covered with sea ice. Prior to 1900, the ice field merely % repeats a seasonal climatology and is not directly constrained by observations. % For more information on the processing and use of HadISST and HadSST refer to % the description file for the combined gridded data product. % % Temperatures are in Celsius and reported as anomalies % relative to the Jan 1951-Dec 1980 average. Uncertainties represent the 95% confidence % interval for statistical and spatial undersampling effects as well as ocean biases. % % % The land analysis was run on 14-Aug-2018 06:04:31 % The ocean analysis was published on 14-Aug-2018 10:39:20 % % The land component is based on 37761 time series % with 16588205 monthly data points % % The ocean component is based on 366500584 instantaneous % water temperature observations % % Estimated Jan 1951-Dec 1980 global mean temperature (C) % Using air temperature above sea ice: 14.178 +/- 0.049 % Using water temperature below sea ice: 14.722 +/- 0.049 % % % Land + Ocean anomaly using air temperature above sea ice Land + Ocean using water temperature below sea ice % Year, Annual Anomaly, Annual Unc., Five-year Anomaly, Five-year Unc., Annual Anomaly, Annual Unc., Five-year Anomaly, Five-year Unc. 1850 -0.521 0.139 NaN NaN -0.472 0.130 NaN NaN 1851 -0.394 0.157 NaN NaN -0.362 0.144 NaN NaN 1852 -0.380 0.136 -0.411 0.105 -0.339 0.128 -0.373 0.097 1853 -0.405 0.177 -0.373 0.097 -0.369 0.158 -0.335 0.090 1854 -0.354 0.134 -0.387 0.091 -0.321 0.124 -0.348 0.085 1855 -0.331 0.133 -0.432 0.092 -0.282 0.123 -0.389 0.086 1856 -0.467 0.127 -0.442 0.091 -0.428 0.118 -0.398 0.085 1857 -0.603 0.132 -0.452 0.097 -0.544 0.124 -0.407 0.089 1858 -0.456 0.136 -0.480 0.088 -0.415 0.126 -0.439 0.084 1859 -0.402 0.137 -0.498 0.093 -0.369 0.127 -0.454 0.089 1860 -0.474 0.148 -0.504 0.101 -0.438 0.137 -0.458 0.097 1861 -0.556 0.140 -0.494 0.110 -0.507 0.135 -0.447 0.108 1862 -0.634 0.165 -0.501 0.118 -0.564 0.155 -0.452 0.116 1863 -0.406 0.178 -0.473 0.133 -0.359 0.172 -0.425 0.130 1864 -0.434 0.158 -0.418 0.133 -0.394 0.148 -0.372 0.132 1865 -0.336 0.171 -0.341 0.133 -0.302 0.169 -0.306 0.134 1866 -0.278 0.150 -0.308 0.123 -0.241 0.149 -0.274 0.125 1867 -0.252 0.158 -0.271 0.118 -0.235 0.155 -0.243 0.119 1868 -0.239 0.130 -0.271 0.100 -0.199 0.131 -0.244 0.102 1869 -0.252 0.132 -0.285 0.090 -0.236 0.124 -0.258 0.090 1870 -0.335 0.113 -0.298 0.084 -0.311 0.109 -0.268 0.082 1871 -0.349 0.114 -0.308 0.081 -0.309 0.110 -0.280 0.078 1872 -0.314 0.127 -0.330 0.077 -0.285 0.119 -0.303 0.075 1873 -0.289 0.113 -0.346 0.077 -0.258 0.108 -0.315 0.074 1874 -0.363 0.116 -0.359 0.075 -0.353 0.111 -0.329 0.073 1875 -0.415 0.102 -0.305 0.077 -0.370 0.100 -0.276 0.075 1876 -0.416 0.105 -0.234 0.082 -0.379 0.103 -0.211 0.078 1877 -0.042 0.112 -0.215 0.078 -0.021 0.108 -0.188 0.075 1878 0.067 0.107 -0.199 0.073 0.066 0.104 -0.173 0.071 1879 -0.271 0.098 -0.162 0.065 -0.235 0.095 -0.138 0.064 1880 -0.334 0.086 -0.212 0.058 -0.295 0.087 -0.183 0.059 1881 -0.231 0.081 -0.296 0.053 -0.206 0.082 -0.260 0.055 1882 -0.294 0.085 -0.343 0.054 -0.245 0.085 -0.302 0.055 1883 -0.350 0.083 -0.371 0.052 -0.321 0.082 -0.328 0.053 1884 -0.508 0.085 -0.427 0.055 -0.445 0.082 -0.379 0.053 1885 -0.474 0.078 -0.476 0.054 -0.424 0.077 -0.425 0.052 1886 -0.512 0.081 -0.475 0.053 -0.462 0.078 -0.421 0.052 1887 -0.538 0.083 -0.416 0.055 -0.471 0.081 -0.369 0.053 1888 -0.342 0.082 -0.421 0.057 -0.301 0.081 -0.375 0.056 1889 -0.216 0.084 -0.398 0.058 -0.187 0.084 -0.352 0.057 1890 -0.500 0.092 -0.377 0.058 -0.453 0.091 -0.337 0.058 1891 -0.393 0.089 -0.392 0.057 -0.346 0.091 -0.354 0.058 1892 -0.433 0.084 -0.431 0.056 -0.398 0.086 -0.390 0.057 1893 -0.417 0.085 -0.402 0.058 -0.384 0.087 -0.363 0.059 1894 -0.413 0.084 -0.373 0.058 -0.372 0.086 -0.335 0.059 1895 -0.352 0.087 -0.333 0.060 -0.317 0.089 -0.298 0.061 1896 -0.252 0.086 -0.335 0.061 -0.205 0.088 -0.300 0.061 1897 -0.232 0.091 -0.305 0.061 -0.214 0.090 -0.273 0.060 1898 -0.427 0.089 -0.265 0.062 -0.394 0.088 -0.238 0.060 1899 -0.264 0.080 -0.258 0.060 -0.238 0.081 -0.239 0.059 1900 -0.149 0.088 -0.284 0.058 -0.138 0.087 -0.261 0.057 1901 -0.220 0.079 -0.291 0.056 -0.209 0.081 -0.270 0.056 1902 -0.359 0.080 -0.339 0.057 -0.325 0.081 -0.318 0.056 1903 -0.462 0.084 -0.378 0.054 -0.441 0.084 -0.355 0.054 1904 -0.504 0.077 -0.388 0.054 -0.478 0.080 -0.363 0.054 1905 -0.346 0.080 -0.405 0.053 -0.323 0.081 -0.378 0.053 1906 -0.268 0.079 -0.405 0.052 -0.246 0.080 -0.379 0.052 1907 -0.446 0.077 -0.408 0.051 -0.404 0.079 -0.380 0.051 1908 -0.460 0.077 -0.438 0.051 -0.443 0.079 -0.408 0.051 1909 -0.521 0.073 -0.486 0.050 -0.483 0.074 -0.459 0.050 1910 -0.494 0.074 -0.486 0.049 -0.461 0.075 -0.460 0.049 1911 -0.511 0.073 -0.475 0.048 -0.506 0.075 -0.446 0.048 1912 -0.442 0.073 -0.415 0.049 -0.407 0.074 -0.389 0.049 1913 -0.405 0.070 -0.350 0.050 -0.372 0.071 -0.325 0.050 1914 -0.225 0.074 -0.328 0.051 -0.201 0.075 -0.298 0.052 1915 -0.165 0.081 -0.341 0.053 -0.139 0.084 -0.310 0.054 1916 -0.402 0.082 -0.333 0.054 -0.370 0.085 -0.301 0.056 1917 -0.511 0.082 -0.345 0.057 -0.468 0.085 -0.316 0.059 1918 -0.364 0.078 -0.366 0.058 -0.325 0.081 -0.340 0.060 1919 -0.285 0.089 -0.326 0.057 -0.276 0.090 -0.303 0.059 1920 -0.270 0.081 -0.281 0.055 -0.260 0.083 -0.265 0.056 1921 -0.197 0.077 -0.262 0.054 -0.187 0.079 -0.252 0.055 1922 -0.290 0.073 -0.256 0.051 -0.277 0.074 -0.247 0.052 1923 -0.267 0.070 -0.245 0.050 -0.260 0.071 -0.235 0.051 1924 -0.257 0.071 -0.219 0.049 -0.249 0.072 -0.207 0.050 1925 -0.214 0.069 -0.198 0.048 -0.200 0.071 -0.186 0.049 1926 -0.065 0.067 -0.177 0.048 -0.048 0.069 -0.165 0.049 1927 -0.185 0.066 -0.197 0.048 -0.171 0.067 -0.180 0.049 1928 -0.163 0.067 -0.180 0.048 -0.156 0.068 -0.165 0.049 1929 -0.356 0.068 -0.182 0.049 -0.323 0.069 -0.170 0.050 1930 -0.131 0.068 -0.168 0.049 -0.128 0.069 -0.158 0.049 1931 -0.077 0.071 -0.195 0.048 -0.074 0.072 -0.183 0.048 1932 -0.112 0.064 -0.156 0.047 -0.111 0.064 -0.149 0.047 1933 -0.299 0.066 -0.170 0.047 -0.280 0.067 -0.160 0.047 1934 -0.159 0.064 -0.185 0.045 -0.152 0.066 -0.173 0.046 1935 -0.202 0.067 -0.159 0.045 -0.181 0.068 -0.150 0.046 1936 -0.153 0.065 -0.095 0.045 -0.138 0.065 -0.095 0.045 1937 0.016 0.066 -0.065 0.046 0.001 0.067 -0.063 0.046 1938 0.022 0.066 -0.007 0.046 -0.003 0.068 -0.013 0.046 1939 -0.011 0.073 0.036 0.047 0.006 0.075 0.032 0.048 1940 0.090 0.075 0.038 0.050 0.070 0.077 0.038 0.052 1941 0.065 0.076 0.046 0.055 0.085 0.079 0.049 0.057 1942 0.022 0.084 0.079 0.059 0.032 0.089 0.077 0.062 1943 0.063 0.086 0.064 0.063 0.049 0.091 0.069 0.066 1944 0.156 0.085 0.042 0.059 0.150 0.090 0.046 0.063 1945 0.017 0.084 0.048 0.055 0.030 0.089 0.043 0.058 1946 -0.049 0.084 0.022 0.055 -0.032 0.088 0.025 0.057 1947 0.051 0.086 -0.026 0.056 0.016 0.090 -0.020 0.059 1948 -0.063 0.089 -0.062 0.060 -0.039 0.094 -0.056 0.063 1949 -0.088 0.073 -0.050 0.057 -0.072 0.076 -0.047 0.061 1950 -0.160 0.069 -0.045 0.054 -0.153 0.072 -0.037 0.057 1951 0.010 0.064 -0.004 0.050 0.014 0.068 -0.005 0.053 1952 0.077 0.067 0.001 0.048 0.065 0.070 -0.004 0.051 1953 0.138 0.067 0.012 0.046 0.121 0.070 0.003 0.049 1954 -0.060 0.067 -0.025 0.044 -0.067 0.070 -0.038 0.047 1955 -0.107 0.062 -0.027 0.043 -0.119 0.065 -0.036 0.045 1956 -0.176 0.056 -0.042 0.041 -0.190 0.059 -0.044 0.043 1957 0.067 0.068 -0.022 0.039 0.073 0.068 -0.022 0.041 1958 0.065 0.054 -0.003 0.037 0.082 0.057 0.000 0.039 1959 0.040 0.053 0.047 0.035 0.043 0.056 0.055 0.037 1960 -0.010 0.051 0.038 0.034 -0.006 0.054 0.044 0.036 1961 0.072 0.049 0.037 0.034 0.082 0.053 0.042 0.036 1962 0.022 0.054 -0.012 0.033 0.019 0.056 -0.004 0.035 1963 0.062 0.050 -0.031 0.033 0.072 0.054 -0.023 0.035 1964 -0.207 0.048 -0.053 0.033 -0.185 0.052 -0.047 0.036 1965 -0.104 0.050 -0.056 0.034 -0.105 0.053 -0.052 0.036 1966 -0.036 0.053 -0.080 0.032 -0.035 0.056 -0.074 0.034 1967 0.005 0.049 -0.021 0.031 -0.006 0.052 -0.020 0.033 1968 -0.057 0.047 0.004 0.030 -0.042 0.050 0.008 0.032 1969 0.086 0.046 -0.010 0.028 0.087 0.049 -0.005 0.030 1970 0.020 0.046 -0.013 0.028 0.035 0.048 -0.005 0.030 1971 -0.103 0.046 0.019 0.027 -0.100 0.049 0.024 0.029 1972 -0.011 0.045 -0.021 0.026 -0.008 0.048 -0.020 0.028 1973 0.105 0.042 -0.037 0.026 0.107 0.045 -0.040 0.027 1974 -0.115 0.045 -0.049 0.025 -0.134 0.047 -0.053 0.027 1975 -0.060 0.046 -0.021 0.025 -0.064 0.048 -0.028 0.026 1976 -0.166 0.045 -0.040 0.024 -0.164 0.047 -0.047 0.026 1977 0.131 0.041 0.001 0.024 0.115 0.044 0.001 0.025 1978 0.010 0.045 0.055 0.022 0.010 0.046 0.052 0.023 1979 0.090 0.034 0.140 0.022 0.107 0.034 0.129 0.023 1980 0.208 0.037 0.122 0.024 0.193 0.038 0.116 0.024 1981 0.260 0.040 0.167 0.023 0.221 0.041 0.159 0.024 1982 0.041 0.041 0.162 0.024 0.049 0.043 0.147 0.025 1983 0.234 0.040 0.131 0.025 0.226 0.042 0.117 0.026 1984 0.066 0.036 0.100 0.025 0.047 0.038 0.091 0.026 1985 0.052 0.033 0.140 0.024 0.044 0.034 0.127 0.025 1986 0.107 0.034 0.150 0.024 0.089 0.035 0.133 0.025 1987 0.240 0.033 0.170 0.025 0.227 0.035 0.154 0.026 1988 0.284 0.034 0.232 0.026 0.259 0.036 0.211 0.028 1989 0.168 0.038 0.278 0.028 0.149 0.040 0.255 0.030 1990 0.359 0.038 0.261 0.030 0.333 0.040 0.241 0.031 1991 0.341 0.040 0.242 0.031 0.306 0.042 0.223 0.033 1992 0.155 0.041 0.257 0.033 0.157 0.043 0.241 0.035 1993 0.186 0.043 0.262 0.034 0.169 0.046 0.242 0.036 1994 0.241 0.044 0.252 0.036 0.238 0.046 0.225 0.038 1995 0.388 0.044 0.307 0.036 0.340 0.047 0.275 0.038 1996 0.289 0.043 0.386 0.037 0.221 0.046 0.346 0.039 1997 0.430 0.042 0.407 0.038 0.407 0.045 0.359 0.040 1998 0.582 0.046 0.403 0.039 0.527 0.049 0.353 0.041 1999 0.347 0.047 0.445 0.040 0.298 0.050 0.402 0.042 2000 0.366 0.048 0.475 0.041 0.311 0.051 0.425 0.043 2001 0.499 0.048 0.472 0.041 0.466 0.050 0.425 0.044 2002 0.580 0.045 0.496 0.041 0.526 0.048 0.456 0.044 2003 0.566 0.047 0.552 0.041 0.523 0.049 0.509 0.044 2004 0.468 0.045 0.572 0.041 0.454 0.047 0.518 0.044 2005 0.647 0.045 0.578 0.041 0.576 0.048 0.518 0.043 2006 0.599 0.045 0.561 0.040 0.510 0.048 0.499 0.043 2007 0.610 0.043 0.589 0.040 0.528 0.045 0.514 0.043 2008 0.478 0.042 0.594 0.040 0.426 0.045 0.518 0.043 2009 0.610 0.044 0.585 0.040 0.532 0.046 0.509 0.042 2010 0.674 0.046 0.578 0.041 0.592 0.048 0.503 0.043 2011 0.555 0.044 0.602 0.041 0.468 0.046 0.529 0.043 2012 0.573 0.044 0.614 0.041 0.499 0.046 0.545 0.043 2013 0.601 0.044 0.639 0.041 0.555 0.047 0.578 0.043 2014 0.666 0.047 0.717 0.041 0.612 0.049 0.651 0.043 2015 0.802 0.044 0.768 0.041 0.755 0.046 0.698 0.043 2016 0.941 0.044 NaN NaN 0.831 0.046 NaN NaN 2017 0.828 0.046 NaN NaN 0.736 0.048 NaN NaN