% This file contains a brief summary of the changes in Earth's global average % surface temperature estimated by combining the Berkeley Earth land-surface % temperature field with a reinterpolated version of the HadSST4 ocean temperature % field. % % The current citation for this dataset is: % % Rohde, R. A. and Hausfather, Z.: The Berkeley Earth Land/Ocean Temperature % Record, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3469-3479, % https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3469-2020, 2020. % % The dataset differs slightly from the dataset as described in the citation as % HadSST3 has been replaced with the newer HadSST4, and associated interpolation % parameters have been refit accordingly. No other changes in methods were needed % when moving to the new version of HadSST. % % Two versions of this average are reported. These differ in how they treat % locations with sea ice. In the first version, temperature anomalies in the % presence of sea ice are extrapolated from land-surface air temperature anomalies. % In the second version, temperature anomalies in the presence of sea ice are % extrapolated from sea-surface water temperature anomalies (usually collected % from open water areas on the periphery of the sea ice). For most of the % ocean, sea-surface temperatures are similar to near-surface air temperatures; % however, air temperatures above sea ice can differ substantially from the water % below the sea ice. The air temperature version of this average shows larger % changes in the recent period, in part this is because water temperature changes % are limited by the freezing point of ocean water. We believe that the use of air % temperatures above sea ice provides a more natural means of describing changes in % Earth's surface temperature. % % The percent coverage of sea ice was taken from the HadISST v2 dataset and varies % by month and location. In the typical month, between 3.5% and 5.5% of the % Earth's surface is covered with sea ice. For more information on the processing % and use of HadISST and HadSST refer to the description file for the combined % gridded data product. % % Temperatures are in Celsius and reported as anomalies % relative to the Jan 1951-Dec 1980 average. Uncertainties represent the 95% confidence % interval for statistical and spatial undersampling effects as well as ocean biases. % % % The land analysis was run on 08-Mar-2021 07:47:03 % The ocean analysis was published on 14-Apr-2021 14:12:43 % % The land component is based on 50503 time series % with 20710953 monthly data points % % The ocean component is based on 426273543 instantaneous % water temperature observations % % Estimated Jan 1951-Dec 1980 global mean temperature (C) % Using air temperature above sea ice: 14.104 +/- 0.020 % Using water temperature below sea ice: 14.700 +/- 0.020 % % % Land + Ocean anomaly using air temperature above sea ice Land + Ocean using water temperature below sea ice % Year, Annual Anomaly, Annual Unc., Five-year Anomaly, Five-year Unc., Annual Anomaly, Annual Unc., Five-year Anomaly, Five-year Unc. 1850 -0.405 0.165 NaN NaN -0.391 0.151 NaN NaN 1851 -0.285 0.178 NaN NaN -0.287 0.162 NaN NaN 1852 -0.257 0.164 -0.297 0.130 -0.248 0.149 -0.291 0.119 1853 -0.269 0.159 -0.269 0.124 -0.261 0.145 -0.263 0.114 1854 -0.272 0.134 -0.291 0.116 -0.268 0.122 -0.283 0.107 1855 -0.264 0.166 -0.346 0.111 -0.250 0.148 -0.334 0.102 1856 -0.394 0.138 -0.358 0.111 -0.386 0.126 -0.345 0.101 1857 -0.532 0.140 -0.346 0.112 -0.505 0.127 -0.333 0.101 1858 -0.326 0.147 -0.366 0.098 -0.317 0.131 -0.355 0.091 1859 -0.212 0.136 -0.376 0.096 -0.209 0.123 -0.362 0.090 1860 -0.366 0.139 -0.380 0.097 -0.356 0.128 -0.363 0.092 1861 -0.444 0.123 -0.381 0.103 -0.423 0.119 -0.361 0.100 1862 -0.555 0.139 -0.408 0.114 -0.510 0.129 -0.386 0.110 1863 -0.328 0.184 -0.383 0.126 -0.307 0.176 -0.362 0.123 1864 -0.346 0.175 -0.333 0.128 -0.332 0.159 -0.314 0.126 1865 -0.244 0.152 -0.252 0.135 -0.237 0.151 -0.243 0.134 1866 -0.192 0.149 -0.225 0.129 -0.183 0.146 -0.217 0.128 1867 -0.149 0.154 -0.196 0.124 -0.154 0.150 -0.192 0.123 1868 -0.192 0.144 -0.203 0.112 -0.178 0.136 -0.199 0.109 1869 -0.201 0.143 -0.230 0.109 -0.208 0.131 -0.224 0.103 1870 -0.280 0.122 -0.259 0.107 -0.272 0.109 -0.249 0.099 1871 -0.326 0.156 -0.273 0.108 -0.307 0.140 -0.263 0.098 1872 -0.294 0.142 -0.294 0.109 -0.282 0.128 -0.285 0.098 1873 -0.261 0.131 -0.308 0.104 -0.246 0.115 -0.296 0.094 1874 -0.309 0.107 -0.314 0.094 -0.320 0.097 -0.302 0.085 1875 -0.351 0.102 -0.250 0.089 -0.325 0.091 -0.241 0.081 1876 -0.356 0.104 -0.176 0.088 -0.337 0.096 -0.175 0.081 1877 0.026 0.114 -0.162 0.086 0.026 0.106 -0.156 0.080 1878 0.112 0.125 -0.152 0.084 0.084 0.115 -0.148 0.078 1879 -0.239 0.091 -0.118 0.080 -0.227 0.083 -0.118 0.075 1880 -0.303 0.091 -0.174 0.072 -0.286 0.083 -0.169 0.068 1881 -0.188 0.090 -0.257 0.066 -0.186 0.083 -0.245 0.063 1882 -0.255 0.089 -0.303 0.066 -0.232 0.084 -0.287 0.063 1883 -0.302 0.084 -0.330 0.067 -0.296 0.079 -0.312 0.064 1884 -0.469 0.086 -0.385 0.065 -0.433 0.079 -0.363 0.063 1885 -0.435 0.087 -0.433 0.063 -0.413 0.082 -0.408 0.061 1886 -0.464 0.084 -0.431 0.064 -0.441 0.078 -0.405 0.062 1887 -0.496 0.078 -0.370 0.064 -0.460 0.077 -0.351 0.062 1888 -0.291 0.080 -0.374 0.066 -0.279 0.078 -0.355 0.064 1889 -0.165 0.092 -0.349 0.069 -0.164 0.082 -0.329 0.066 1890 -0.455 0.093 -0.329 0.072 -0.432 0.090 -0.315 0.069 1891 -0.335 0.092 -0.346 0.076 -0.313 0.088 -0.333 0.074 1892 -0.398 0.087 -0.388 0.073 -0.387 0.083 -0.373 0.075 1893 -0.378 0.091 -0.358 0.073 -0.372 0.090 -0.346 0.074 1894 -0.373 0.084 -0.334 0.072 -0.360 0.087 -0.323 0.074 1895 -0.303 0.089 -0.294 0.075 -0.296 0.087 -0.288 0.076 1896 -0.220 0.092 -0.301 0.076 -0.202 0.089 -0.294 0.075 1897 -0.198 0.091 -0.274 0.075 -0.209 0.088 -0.270 0.076 1898 -0.410 0.093 -0.240 0.075 -0.401 0.088 -0.239 0.076 1899 -0.241 0.088 -0.238 0.075 -0.241 0.087 -0.244 0.077 1900 -0.130 0.089 -0.272 0.075 -0.145 0.089 -0.274 0.077 1901 -0.210 0.087 -0.283 0.073 -0.223 0.088 -0.287 0.076 1902 -0.367 0.085 -0.339 0.075 -0.359 0.086 -0.343 0.077 1903 -0.466 0.085 -0.381 0.074 -0.470 0.086 -0.383 0.076 1904 -0.524 0.092 -0.391 0.074 -0.519 0.091 -0.390 0.077 1905 -0.340 0.084 -0.404 0.074 -0.343 0.084 -0.402 0.077 1906 -0.258 0.087 -0.401 0.071 -0.261 0.088 -0.400 0.074 1907 -0.430 0.081 -0.399 0.067 -0.419 0.082 -0.396 0.070 1908 -0.452 0.073 -0.426 0.063 -0.458 0.073 -0.421 0.065 1909 -0.515 0.073 -0.472 0.058 -0.500 0.070 -0.467 0.059 1910 -0.476 0.066 -0.469 0.055 -0.466 0.065 -0.463 0.057 1911 -0.485 0.069 -0.456 0.055 -0.494 0.066 -0.446 0.057 1912 -0.417 0.067 -0.393 0.055 -0.398 0.067 -0.385 0.057 1913 -0.386 0.070 -0.328 0.057 -0.373 0.069 -0.320 0.059 1914 -0.202 0.068 -0.308 0.059 -0.193 0.068 -0.296 0.061 1915 -0.149 0.076 -0.332 0.061 -0.142 0.075 -0.319 0.064 1916 -0.387 0.080 -0.330 0.063 -0.373 0.078 -0.315 0.066 1917 -0.539 0.082 -0.352 0.066 -0.512 0.083 -0.342 0.069 1918 -0.374 0.084 -0.372 0.069 -0.355 0.084 -0.365 0.071 1919 -0.310 0.086 -0.334 0.069 -0.325 0.087 -0.331 0.073 1920 -0.252 0.086 -0.283 0.069 -0.259 0.086 -0.285 0.072 1921 -0.195 0.082 -0.257 0.069 -0.203 0.084 -0.265 0.072 1922 -0.282 0.079 -0.247 0.069 -0.283 0.079 -0.253 0.072 1923 -0.249 0.080 -0.239 0.069 -0.254 0.080 -0.244 0.071 1924 -0.257 0.082 -0.215 0.069 -0.266 0.080 -0.218 0.071 1925 -0.212 0.081 -0.197 0.069 -0.212 0.080 -0.200 0.071 1926 -0.076 0.079 -0.183 0.069 -0.077 0.079 -0.188 0.071 1927 -0.192 0.077 -0.205 0.068 -0.193 0.078 -0.205 0.071 1928 -0.179 0.079 -0.191 0.068 -0.191 0.080 -0.192 0.071 1929 -0.368 0.079 -0.191 0.069 -0.353 0.079 -0.194 0.071 1930 -0.138 0.081 -0.176 0.068 -0.145 0.081 -0.181 0.071 1931 -0.076 0.080 -0.202 0.068 -0.087 0.080 -0.204 0.070 1932 -0.116 0.076 -0.160 0.068 -0.130 0.076 -0.168 0.069 1933 -0.309 0.079 -0.177 0.067 -0.306 0.077 -0.181 0.068 1934 -0.160 0.077 -0.192 0.066 -0.169 0.076 -0.192 0.068 1935 -0.221 0.078 -0.167 0.067 -0.210 0.077 -0.170 0.068 1936 -0.152 0.075 -0.102 0.067 -0.146 0.074 -0.115 0.067 1937 0.008 0.077 -0.072 0.067 -0.019 0.076 -0.080 0.068 1938 0.014 0.075 -0.012 0.067 -0.029 0.074 -0.029 0.068 1939 -0.008 0.080 0.025 0.070 0.002 0.080 0.008 0.073 1940 0.076 0.090 0.032 0.091 0.045 0.093 0.019 0.096 1941 0.034 0.189 0.048 0.119 0.042 0.202 0.039 0.127 1942 0.043 0.190 0.090 0.151 0.037 0.203 0.074 0.162 1943 0.097 0.189 0.090 0.184 0.068 0.202 0.080 0.198 1944 0.201 0.191 0.069 0.152 0.179 0.204 0.056 0.163 1945 0.074 0.188 0.060 0.124 0.072 0.202 0.038 0.133 1946 -0.072 0.127 0.021 0.105 -0.075 0.134 0.007 0.112 1947 -0.002 0.123 -0.040 0.096 -0.054 0.129 -0.049 0.102 1948 -0.096 0.117 -0.089 0.098 -0.088 0.123 -0.100 0.104 1949 -0.106 0.097 -0.073 0.086 -0.100 0.101 -0.087 0.091 1950 -0.170 0.081 -0.056 0.075 -0.184 0.084 -0.066 0.079 1951 0.008 0.071 -0.006 0.067 -0.010 0.073 -0.024 0.070 1952 0.082 0.074 0.007 0.064 0.052 0.075 -0.017 0.066 1953 0.155 0.077 0.023 0.063 0.123 0.079 -0.006 0.065 1954 -0.040 0.073 -0.015 0.062 -0.068 0.075 -0.047 0.065 1955 -0.092 0.071 -0.021 0.061 -0.128 0.072 -0.050 0.063 1956 -0.179 0.065 -0.041 0.058 -0.213 0.068 -0.064 0.061 1957 0.051 0.063 -0.025 0.056 0.037 0.065 -0.047 0.059 1958 0.057 0.060 -0.011 0.053 0.051 0.062 -0.030 0.056 1959 0.037 0.060 0.036 0.049 0.019 0.062 0.022 0.051 1960 -0.019 0.059 0.025 0.046 -0.042 0.058 0.009 0.047 1961 0.055 0.048 0.022 0.042 0.044 0.048 0.006 0.044 1962 -0.002 0.044 -0.030 0.039 -0.027 0.044 -0.042 0.040 1963 0.042 0.049 -0.047 0.038 0.034 0.048 -0.056 0.038 1964 -0.224 0.042 -0.066 0.037 -0.217 0.043 -0.073 0.037 1965 -0.104 0.043 -0.068 0.036 -0.113 0.044 -0.074 0.037 1966 -0.042 0.044 -0.094 0.034 -0.040 0.044 -0.097 0.034 1967 -0.012 0.039 -0.037 0.031 -0.032 0.038 -0.042 0.031 1968 -0.088 0.039 -0.014 0.028 -0.080 0.036 -0.016 0.027 1969 0.060 0.033 -0.027 0.025 0.055 0.033 -0.031 0.024 1970 0.010 0.028 -0.023 0.023 0.020 0.027 -0.024 0.022 1971 -0.102 0.028 0.023 0.021 -0.116 0.028 0.020 0.020 1972 0.008 0.028 -0.001 0.021 0.002 0.028 -0.010 0.020 1973 0.142 0.030 -0.003 0.022 0.140 0.030 -0.017 0.021 1974 -0.063 0.032 -0.001 0.024 -0.094 0.031 -0.014 0.023 1975 0.004 0.032 0.045 0.025 -0.016 0.032 0.027 0.024 1976 -0.093 0.037 0.040 0.025 -0.100 0.035 0.017 0.024 1977 0.239 0.033 0.090 0.024 0.206 0.032 0.075 0.022 1978 0.113 0.030 0.153 0.024 0.091 0.030 0.134 0.022 1979 0.191 0.026 0.244 0.022 0.192 0.023 0.216 0.020 1980 0.315 0.033 0.226 0.022 0.281 0.031 0.205 0.020 1981 0.363 0.027 0.269 0.021 0.310 0.027 0.249 0.020 1982 0.147 0.034 0.262 0.021 0.150 0.034 0.236 0.020 1983 0.327 0.031 0.230 0.021 0.311 0.032 0.205 0.020 1984 0.159 0.030 0.199 0.021 0.126 0.030 0.178 0.020 1985 0.154 0.028 0.240 0.021 0.130 0.027 0.212 0.019 1986 0.208 0.032 0.253 0.021 0.172 0.028 0.221 0.019 1987 0.349 0.027 0.277 0.021 0.321 0.027 0.245 0.019 1988 0.394 0.030 0.340 0.021 0.357 0.028 0.304 0.020 1989 0.281 0.032 0.389 0.021 0.247 0.032 0.349 0.020 1990 0.470 0.029 0.368 0.022 0.425 0.029 0.330 0.021 1991 0.452 0.029 0.350 0.022 0.395 0.029 0.311 0.021 1992 0.245 0.034 0.364 0.021 0.228 0.031 0.327 0.021 1993 0.303 0.032 0.373 0.022 0.263 0.030 0.329 0.021 1994 0.351 0.030 0.362 0.022 0.325 0.030 0.313 0.021 1995 0.512 0.030 0.421 0.023 0.437 0.030 0.367 0.021 1996 0.400 0.029 0.498 0.023 0.314 0.028 0.437 0.022 1997 0.538 0.029 0.517 0.023 0.498 0.029 0.447 0.022 1998 0.689 0.030 0.504 0.023 0.613 0.030 0.435 0.021 1999 0.446 0.031 0.541 0.023 0.376 0.030 0.477 0.021 2000 0.446 0.029 0.568 0.023 0.372 0.029 0.497 0.021 2001 0.582 0.029 0.561 0.022 0.526 0.028 0.494 0.021 2002 0.675 0.028 0.586 0.022 0.600 0.028 0.525 0.021 2003 0.657 0.028 0.644 0.022 0.594 0.027 0.578 0.021 2004 0.570 0.027 0.665 0.022 0.535 0.027 0.588 0.021 2005 0.735 0.028 0.670 0.022 0.637 0.027 0.586 0.020 2006 0.687 0.025 0.653 0.021 0.576 0.024 0.566 0.020 2007 0.700 0.026 0.681 0.022 0.591 0.025 0.581 0.020 2008 0.573 0.025 0.689 0.022 0.492 0.024 0.587 0.020 2009 0.709 0.028 0.685 0.022 0.610 0.025 0.581 0.021 2010 0.778 0.026 0.683 0.021 0.665 0.024 0.578 0.021 2011 0.668 0.027 0.709 0.021 0.546 0.026 0.605 0.021 2012 0.686 0.027 0.723 0.021 0.579 0.026 0.620 0.021 2013 0.707 0.025 0.752 0.021 0.626 0.026 0.656 0.021 2014 0.777 0.028 0.830 0.022 0.681 0.028 0.730 0.021 2015 0.922 0.026 0.886 0.021 0.848 0.025 0.783 0.021 2016 1.058 0.025 0.922 0.022 0.916 0.024 0.810 0.020 2017 0.964 0.025 0.972 0.023 0.841 0.023 0.852 0.020 2018 0.891 0.031 0.999 0.024 0.763 0.025 0.869 0.021 2019 1.027 0.029 NaN NaN 0.894 0.026 NaN NaN 2020 1.053 0.031 NaN NaN 0.932 0.027 NaN NaN