% This file contains a brief summary of the changes in Earth's global average % surface temperature estimated by combining the Berkeley Earth land-surface % temperature field with a reinterpolated version of the HadSST ocean temperature % field. % % Two versions of this average are reported. These differ in how they treat % locations with sea ice. In the first version, temperature anomalies in the % presence of sea ice are extrapolated from land-surface air temperature anomalies. % In the second version, temperature anomalies in the presence of sea ice are % extrapolated from sea-surface water temperature anomalies (usually collected % from open water areas on the periphery of the sea ice). For most of the % ocean, sea-surface temperatures are similar to near-surface air temperatures; % however, air temperatures above sea ice can differ substantially from the water % below the sea ice. The air temperature version of this average shows larger % changes in the recent period, in part this is because water temperature changes % are limited by the freezing point of ocean water. We believe that the use of air % temperatures above sea ice provides a more natural means of describing changes in % Earth's surface temperature. % % The percent coverage of sea ice was taken from the HadISST dataset and varies % by month and location. In the typical month, between 3.5% and 5.5% of the % Earth's surface is covered with sea ice. Prior to 1900, the ice field merely % repeats a seasonal climatology and is not directly constrained by observations. % For more information on the processing and use of HadISST and HadSST refer to % the description file for the combined gridded data product. % % Temperatures are in Celsius and reported as anomalies % relative to the Jan 1951-Dec 1980 average. Uncertainties represent the 95% confidence % interval for statistical and spatial undersampling effects as well as ocean biases. % % % The land analysis was run on 15-Feb-2019 05:32:39 % The ocean analysis was published on 18-Feb-2019 16:21:50 % % The land component is based on 45993 time series % with 18957585 monthly data points % % The ocean component is based on 375675536 instantaneous % water temperature observations % % Estimated Jan 1951-Dec 1980 global mean temperature (C) % Using air temperature above sea ice: 14.183 +/- 0.051 % Using water temperature below sea ice: 14.728 +/- 0.051 % % % Land + Ocean anomaly using air temperature above sea ice Land + Ocean using water temperature below sea ice % Year, Annual Anomaly, Annual Unc., Five-year Anomaly, Five-year Unc., Annual Anomaly, Annual Unc., Five-year Anomaly, Five-year Unc. 1850 -0.544 0.135 NaN NaN -0.491 0.127 NaN NaN 1851 -0.416 0.185 NaN NaN -0.382 0.166 NaN NaN 1852 -0.403 0.192 -0.434 0.116 -0.360 0.171 -0.393 0.106 1853 -0.429 0.132 -0.397 0.109 -0.390 0.123 -0.356 0.100 1854 -0.377 0.130 -0.412 0.095 -0.342 0.121 -0.369 0.088 1855 -0.358 0.131 -0.459 0.084 -0.305 0.122 -0.412 0.080 1856 -0.491 0.118 -0.470 0.080 -0.450 0.111 -0.422 0.077 1857 -0.638 0.132 -0.480 0.077 -0.574 0.124 -0.432 0.075 1858 -0.487 0.112 -0.506 0.086 -0.441 0.108 -0.461 0.082 1859 -0.427 0.110 -0.527 0.100 -0.391 0.107 -0.480 0.094 1860 -0.488 0.176 -0.535 0.112 -0.451 0.159 -0.485 0.105 1861 -0.594 0.171 -0.525 0.126 -0.541 0.158 -0.475 0.119 1862 -0.677 0.176 -0.532 0.132 -0.601 0.164 -0.480 0.126 1863 -0.441 0.181 -0.506 0.135 -0.390 0.174 -0.454 0.132 1864 -0.461 0.136 -0.448 0.133 -0.417 0.131 -0.398 0.132 1865 -0.358 0.175 -0.368 0.131 -0.321 0.172 -0.330 0.133 1866 -0.303 0.160 -0.333 0.121 -0.262 0.157 -0.296 0.124 1867 -0.280 0.151 -0.298 0.117 -0.259 0.150 -0.265 0.119 1868 -0.267 0.129 -0.297 0.097 -0.223 0.130 -0.266 0.099 1869 -0.281 0.114 -0.309 0.082 -0.260 0.111 -0.278 0.084 1870 -0.356 0.113 -0.318 0.073 -0.329 0.109 -0.285 0.074 1871 -0.359 0.108 -0.324 0.068 -0.319 0.105 -0.294 0.068 1872 -0.325 0.104 -0.342 0.067 -0.296 0.102 -0.314 0.068 1873 -0.298 0.108 -0.354 0.066 -0.267 0.104 -0.324 0.067 1874 -0.371 0.108 -0.367 0.066 -0.361 0.105 -0.336 0.066 1875 -0.418 0.094 -0.309 0.071 -0.374 0.094 -0.281 0.070 1876 -0.421 0.097 -0.237 0.071 -0.384 0.096 -0.216 0.070 1877 -0.037 0.107 -0.219 0.068 -0.019 0.105 -0.192 0.067 1878 0.061 0.098 -0.205 0.068 0.060 0.097 -0.179 0.067 1879 -0.282 0.091 -0.169 0.065 -0.245 0.090 -0.145 0.064 1880 -0.345 0.097 -0.222 0.062 -0.305 0.095 -0.192 0.062 1881 -0.243 0.093 -0.305 0.063 -0.216 0.091 -0.269 0.061 1882 -0.300 0.089 -0.352 0.064 -0.252 0.089 -0.311 0.062 1883 -0.355 0.087 -0.381 0.062 -0.326 0.085 -0.338 0.059 1884 -0.517 0.088 -0.438 0.063 -0.454 0.085 -0.389 0.059 1885 -0.492 0.085 -0.487 0.063 -0.439 0.082 -0.435 0.059 1886 -0.524 0.098 -0.486 0.062 -0.473 0.091 -0.431 0.058 1887 -0.546 0.085 -0.426 0.064 -0.480 0.082 -0.378 0.060 1888 -0.350 0.077 -0.429 0.067 -0.308 0.077 -0.382 0.063 1889 -0.220 0.095 -0.404 0.063 -0.192 0.092 -0.359 0.061 1890 -0.504 0.097 -0.383 0.065 -0.458 0.095 -0.344 0.063 1891 -0.401 0.087 -0.398 0.064 -0.354 0.090 -0.361 0.063 1892 -0.439 0.095 -0.439 0.060 -0.405 0.094 -0.398 0.060 1893 -0.428 0.080 -0.409 0.059 -0.394 0.083 -0.371 0.060 1894 -0.422 0.079 -0.381 0.058 -0.380 0.083 -0.343 0.059 1895 -0.358 0.089 -0.342 0.057 -0.323 0.091 -0.307 0.059 1896 -0.260 0.083 -0.345 0.057 -0.214 0.086 -0.310 0.058 1897 -0.244 0.084 -0.316 0.057 -0.225 0.085 -0.283 0.057 1898 -0.442 0.079 -0.277 0.056 -0.407 0.081 -0.249 0.057 1899 -0.276 0.080 -0.273 0.057 -0.248 0.081 -0.252 0.057 1900 -0.164 0.086 -0.300 0.056 -0.151 0.086 -0.275 0.056 1901 -0.240 0.087 -0.306 0.057 -0.227 0.087 -0.284 0.056 1902 -0.377 0.080 -0.355 0.056 -0.341 0.081 -0.332 0.056 1903 -0.475 0.079 -0.393 0.054 -0.453 0.080 -0.369 0.054 1904 -0.517 0.076 -0.402 0.051 -0.491 0.078 -0.376 0.052 1905 -0.358 0.076 -0.418 0.048 -0.335 0.078 -0.391 0.050 1906 -0.285 0.076 -0.418 0.047 -0.261 0.078 -0.392 0.049 1907 -0.457 0.071 -0.422 0.045 -0.416 0.075 -0.393 0.047 1908 -0.475 0.073 -0.452 0.045 -0.456 0.076 -0.421 0.047 1909 -0.537 0.067 -0.500 0.044 -0.498 0.070 -0.473 0.046 1910 -0.510 0.070 -0.500 0.044 -0.475 0.073 -0.473 0.046 1911 -0.525 0.073 -0.488 0.044 -0.518 0.075 -0.458 0.046 1912 -0.455 0.071 -0.428 0.045 -0.419 0.073 -0.401 0.046 1913 -0.412 0.069 -0.362 0.048 -0.380 0.070 -0.336 0.049 1914 -0.240 0.071 -0.340 0.050 -0.214 0.073 -0.310 0.051 1915 -0.177 0.081 -0.356 0.053 -0.149 0.083 -0.323 0.054 1916 -0.419 0.083 -0.348 0.055 -0.385 0.086 -0.314 0.056 1917 -0.531 0.085 -0.358 0.057 -0.484 0.087 -0.328 0.059 1918 -0.374 0.080 -0.379 0.057 -0.335 0.083 -0.352 0.059 1919 -0.292 0.082 -0.337 0.056 -0.284 0.086 -0.314 0.058 1920 -0.280 0.080 -0.292 0.053 -0.269 0.083 -0.275 0.055 1921 -0.209 0.074 -0.273 0.052 -0.197 0.077 -0.263 0.054 1922 -0.303 0.072 -0.270 0.050 -0.288 0.073 -0.259 0.051 1923 -0.283 0.071 -0.261 0.050 -0.274 0.072 -0.249 0.051 1924 -0.275 0.071 -0.237 0.049 -0.265 0.072 -0.223 0.050 1925 -0.234 0.072 -0.217 0.049 -0.219 0.073 -0.203 0.050 1926 -0.089 0.068 -0.197 0.049 -0.069 0.069 -0.183 0.050 1927 -0.205 0.066 -0.216 0.048 -0.189 0.067 -0.197 0.049 1928 -0.181 0.066 -0.199 0.046 -0.172 0.068 -0.182 0.048 1929 -0.372 0.065 -0.200 0.046 -0.339 0.067 -0.186 0.048 1930 -0.149 0.065 -0.184 0.045 -0.143 0.067 -0.173 0.047 1931 -0.092 0.067 -0.211 0.045 -0.088 0.069 -0.198 0.046 1932 -0.127 0.063 -0.172 0.044 -0.125 0.064 -0.164 0.045 1933 -0.316 0.065 -0.185 0.044 -0.296 0.067 -0.174 0.045 1934 -0.175 0.063 -0.200 0.043 -0.166 0.065 -0.185 0.044 1935 -0.217 0.063 -0.173 0.043 -0.193 0.065 -0.162 0.044 1936 -0.163 0.062 -0.107 0.042 -0.146 0.063 -0.105 0.043 1937 0.007 0.065 -0.076 0.043 -0.007 0.066 -0.072 0.044 1938 0.012 0.066 -0.018 0.044 -0.012 0.068 -0.021 0.045 1939 -0.020 0.072 0.026 0.046 -0.002 0.074 0.023 0.047 1940 0.076 0.073 0.027 0.049 0.060 0.076 0.029 0.051 1941 0.055 0.076 0.035 0.054 0.077 0.079 0.040 0.056 1942 0.012 0.085 0.069 0.059 0.024 0.089 0.068 0.062 1943 0.054 0.086 0.055 0.062 0.041 0.091 0.061 0.066 1944 0.146 0.085 0.032 0.059 0.141 0.090 0.037 0.063 1945 0.009 0.084 0.038 0.054 0.023 0.089 0.034 0.057 1946 -0.059 0.083 0.013 0.053 -0.041 0.088 0.017 0.057 1947 0.042 0.084 -0.036 0.055 0.009 0.089 -0.028 0.058 1948 -0.072 0.088 -0.072 0.058 -0.047 0.094 -0.065 0.062 1949 -0.100 0.071 -0.059 0.056 -0.082 0.074 -0.055 0.060 1950 -0.170 0.067 -0.053 0.053 -0.162 0.071 -0.044 0.056 1951 0.003 0.064 -0.012 0.049 0.009 0.068 -0.012 0.052 1952 0.072 0.067 -0.005 0.048 0.061 0.070 -0.009 0.051 1953 0.132 0.067 0.007 0.046 0.116 0.070 -0.001 0.049 1954 -0.062 0.066 -0.030 0.044 -0.069 0.070 -0.041 0.047 1955 -0.111 0.061 -0.031 0.042 -0.122 0.065 -0.040 0.045 1956 -0.179 0.056 -0.045 0.041 -0.193 0.059 -0.047 0.043 1957 0.063 0.060 -0.026 0.039 0.068 0.062 -0.025 0.041 1958 0.063 0.055 -0.005 0.037 0.080 0.058 -0.002 0.039 1959 0.036 0.052 0.045 0.035 0.040 0.056 0.053 0.037 1960 -0.010 0.052 0.037 0.035 -0.006 0.055 0.043 0.037 1961 0.073 0.049 0.037 0.035 0.082 0.053 0.042 0.037 1962 0.023 0.054 -0.011 0.034 0.020 0.056 -0.003 0.036 1963 0.063 0.052 -0.030 0.034 0.073 0.055 -0.023 0.036 1964 -0.205 0.049 -0.052 0.034 -0.183 0.052 -0.046 0.036 1965 -0.104 0.051 -0.055 0.033 -0.104 0.054 -0.051 0.036 1966 -0.035 0.051 -0.079 0.032 -0.035 0.055 -0.074 0.034 1967 0.006 0.048 -0.021 0.031 -0.005 0.051 -0.020 0.033 1968 -0.058 0.047 0.004 0.030 -0.043 0.049 0.008 0.032 1969 0.087 0.046 -0.008 0.029 0.088 0.049 -0.004 0.030 1970 0.022 0.046 -0.011 0.028 0.037 0.049 -0.004 0.030 1971 -0.100 0.047 0.022 0.028 -0.097 0.050 0.026 0.029 1972 -0.009 0.046 -0.018 0.027 -0.006 0.049 -0.017 0.029 1973 0.109 0.042 -0.033 0.027 0.110 0.045 -0.037 0.028 1974 -0.110 0.044 -0.046 0.026 -0.131 0.047 -0.049 0.027 1975 -0.056 0.045 -0.017 0.025 -0.059 0.048 -0.025 0.026 1976 -0.163 0.046 -0.038 0.025 -0.161 0.048 -0.046 0.026 1977 0.134 0.042 0.003 0.023 0.118 0.045 0.003 0.024 1978 0.007 0.042 0.057 0.022 0.006 0.045 0.054 0.023 1979 0.095 0.032 0.142 0.021 0.111 0.033 0.131 0.022 1980 0.213 0.035 0.124 0.022 0.197 0.036 0.117 0.023 1981 0.261 0.036 0.170 0.022 0.221 0.039 0.162 0.023 1982 0.044 0.040 0.165 0.023 0.051 0.043 0.150 0.024 1983 0.237 0.039 0.134 0.023 0.229 0.041 0.120 0.025 1984 0.071 0.036 0.104 0.024 0.051 0.038 0.094 0.025 1985 0.058 0.032 0.144 0.023 0.048 0.033 0.130 0.025 1986 0.110 0.034 0.154 0.024 0.091 0.035 0.137 0.025 1987 0.244 0.033 0.175 0.025 0.229 0.035 0.156 0.026 1988 0.290 0.035 0.236 0.027 0.263 0.037 0.214 0.028 1989 0.171 0.037 0.283 0.028 0.151 0.039 0.258 0.030 1990 0.363 0.038 0.267 0.030 0.337 0.041 0.244 0.032 1991 0.347 0.040 0.247 0.031 0.310 0.043 0.227 0.033 1992 0.161 0.041 0.263 0.033 0.161 0.043 0.245 0.035 1993 0.193 0.044 0.268 0.035 0.175 0.046 0.247 0.037 1994 0.248 0.044 0.258 0.036 0.243 0.046 0.230 0.038 1995 0.393 0.045 0.314 0.037 0.345 0.048 0.281 0.039 1996 0.296 0.044 0.394 0.037 0.228 0.046 0.353 0.040 1997 0.439 0.042 0.416 0.038 0.415 0.045 0.366 0.041 1998 0.593 0.046 0.412 0.039 0.536 0.049 0.361 0.041 1999 0.359 0.047 0.455 0.040 0.309 0.050 0.411 0.042 2000 0.371 0.048 0.485 0.041 0.320 0.051 0.435 0.044 2001 0.512 0.047 0.482 0.042 0.477 0.050 0.435 0.044 2002 0.592 0.046 0.506 0.042 0.536 0.049 0.466 0.044 2003 0.576 0.047 0.564 0.042 0.533 0.050 0.519 0.044 2004 0.478 0.045 0.584 0.041 0.463 0.047 0.527 0.044 2005 0.659 0.046 0.589 0.041 0.586 0.048 0.528 0.043 2006 0.612 0.045 0.571 0.041 0.520 0.047 0.508 0.043 2007 0.620 0.043 0.599 0.041 0.537 0.045 0.524 0.043 2008 0.486 0.047 0.605 0.041 0.433 0.048 0.527 0.043 2009 0.618 0.043 0.597 0.041 0.542 0.045 0.519 0.043 2010 0.688 0.045 0.590 0.041 0.603 0.047 0.514 0.043 2011 0.572 0.044 0.615 0.041 0.480 0.046 0.540 0.043 2012 0.586 0.043 0.626 0.041 0.511 0.045 0.555 0.043 2013 0.611 0.045 0.651 0.041 0.564 0.047 0.587 0.043 2014 0.672 0.045 0.726 0.040 0.618 0.048 0.659 0.043 2015 0.812 0.043 0.776 0.041 0.763 0.046 0.705 0.043 2016 0.950 0.043 0.809 0.041 0.840 0.046 0.726 0.043 2017 0.833 0.046 NaN NaN 0.741 0.048 NaN NaN 2018 0.777 0.043 NaN NaN 0.669 0.045 NaN NaN