% This file contains a brief summary of the changes in Earth's global average % surface temperature estimated by combining the Berkeley Earth land-surface % temperature field with a reinterpolated version of the HadSST ocean temperature % field. % % Two versions of this average are reported. These differ in how they treat % locations with sea ice. In the first version, temperature anomalies in the % presence of sea ice are extrapolated from land-surface air temperature anomalies. % In the second version, temperature anomalies in the presence of sea ice are % extrapolated from sea-surface water temperature anomalies (usually collected % from open water areas on the periphery of the sea ice). For most of the % ocean, sea-surface temperatures are similar to near-surface air temperatures; % however, air temperatures above sea ice can differ substantially from the water % below the sea ice. The air temperature version of this average shows larger % changes in the recent period, in part this is because water temperature changes % are limited by the freezing point of ocean water. We believe that the use of air % temperatures above sea ice provides a more natural means of describing changes in % Earth's surface temperature. % % The percent coverage of sea ice was taken from the HadISST dataset and varies % by month and location. In the typical month, between 3.5% and 5.5% of the % Earth's surface is covered with sea ice. Prior to 1900, the ice field merely % repeats a seasonal climatology and is not directly constrained by observations. % For more information on the processing and use of HadISST and HadSST refer to % the description file for the combined gridded data product. % % Temperatures are in Celsius and reported as anomalies % relative to the Jan 1951-Dec 1980 average. Uncertainties represent the 95% confidence % interval for statistical and spatial undersampling effects as well as ocean biases. % % % The land analysis was run on 12-Nov-2018 08:22:43 % The ocean analysis was published on 09-Nov-2018 10:51:02 % % The land component is based on 46102 time series % with 18963988 monthly data points % % The ocean component is based on 371484440 instantaneous % water temperature observations % % Estimated Jan 1951-Dec 1980 global mean temperature (C) % Using air temperature above sea ice: 14.186 +/- 0.044 % Using water temperature below sea ice: 14.730 +/- 0.044 % % % Land + Ocean anomaly using air temperature above sea ice Land + Ocean using water temperature below sea ice % Year, Annual Anomaly, Annual Unc., Five-year Anomaly, Five-year Unc., Annual Anomaly, Annual Unc., Five-year Anomaly, Five-year Unc. 1850 -0.539 0.172 NaN NaN -0.487 0.155 NaN NaN 1851 -0.411 0.194 NaN NaN -0.377 0.173 NaN NaN 1852 -0.397 0.182 -0.428 0.127 -0.354 0.163 -0.388 0.114 1853 -0.423 0.140 -0.389 0.110 -0.385 0.129 -0.350 0.101 1854 -0.371 0.125 -0.404 0.101 -0.337 0.117 -0.363 0.093 1855 -0.345 0.134 -0.449 0.093 -0.295 0.124 -0.404 0.087 1856 -0.483 0.151 -0.459 0.093 -0.443 0.137 -0.413 0.086 1857 -0.621 0.136 -0.468 0.095 -0.559 0.127 -0.422 0.088 1858 -0.474 0.143 -0.494 0.091 -0.431 0.131 -0.451 0.086 1859 -0.418 0.128 -0.514 0.088 -0.383 0.121 -0.469 0.085 1860 -0.474 0.130 -0.523 0.096 -0.439 0.123 -0.475 0.093 1861 -0.584 0.137 -0.515 0.108 -0.531 0.133 -0.466 0.106 1862 -0.667 0.160 -0.523 0.120 -0.592 0.151 -0.472 0.117 1863 -0.433 0.193 -0.499 0.130 -0.384 0.183 -0.448 0.128 1864 -0.457 0.158 -0.442 0.128 -0.414 0.148 -0.394 0.129 1865 -0.355 0.167 -0.365 0.133 -0.318 0.166 -0.327 0.134 1866 -0.301 0.158 -0.332 0.126 -0.260 0.155 -0.295 0.127 1867 -0.280 0.175 -0.298 0.128 -0.259 0.168 -0.265 0.127 1868 -0.267 0.139 -0.299 0.116 -0.223 0.137 -0.268 0.113 1869 -0.286 0.150 -0.312 0.106 -0.264 0.138 -0.281 0.101 1870 -0.362 0.128 -0.322 0.094 -0.333 0.120 -0.289 0.089 1871 -0.366 0.120 -0.329 0.091 -0.325 0.114 -0.299 0.085 1872 -0.332 0.144 -0.348 0.092 -0.302 0.132 -0.319 0.086 1873 -0.303 0.113 -0.360 0.094 -0.271 0.108 -0.328 0.087 1874 -0.377 0.129 -0.372 0.094 -0.366 0.120 -0.341 0.087 1875 -0.423 0.131 -0.314 0.089 -0.378 0.121 -0.286 0.084 1876 -0.427 0.105 -0.242 0.088 -0.389 0.103 -0.220 0.083 1877 -0.042 0.101 -0.224 0.082 -0.024 0.101 -0.197 0.077 1878 0.057 0.109 -0.209 0.075 0.056 0.105 -0.183 0.072 1879 -0.286 0.099 -0.173 0.075 -0.249 0.096 -0.149 0.071 1880 -0.348 0.102 -0.224 0.076 -0.308 0.098 -0.194 0.072 1881 -0.245 0.100 -0.307 0.074 -0.218 0.096 -0.271 0.070 1882 -0.300 0.099 -0.353 0.075 -0.252 0.096 -0.312 0.071 1883 -0.356 0.094 -0.382 0.076 -0.328 0.091 -0.338 0.070 1884 -0.516 0.101 -0.438 0.073 -0.454 0.095 -0.389 0.067 1885 -0.493 0.104 -0.487 0.069 -0.441 0.096 -0.435 0.064 1886 -0.525 0.081 -0.486 0.065 -0.474 0.079 -0.431 0.061 1887 -0.546 0.081 -0.426 0.063 -0.480 0.079 -0.378 0.059 1888 -0.350 0.081 -0.427 0.064 -0.308 0.080 -0.381 0.060 1889 -0.217 0.092 -0.402 0.065 -0.189 0.090 -0.356 0.062 1890 -0.499 0.104 -0.380 0.069 -0.454 0.100 -0.341 0.066 1891 -0.396 0.094 -0.395 0.073 -0.350 0.094 -0.358 0.069 1892 -0.437 0.093 -0.436 0.070 -0.404 0.093 -0.396 0.068 1893 -0.428 0.097 -0.408 0.067 -0.394 0.095 -0.370 0.066 1894 -0.422 0.084 -0.380 0.066 -0.380 0.086 -0.342 0.065 1895 -0.357 0.091 -0.342 0.066 -0.322 0.092 -0.306 0.065 1896 -0.258 0.087 -0.344 0.065 -0.212 0.088 -0.309 0.064 1897 -0.243 0.096 -0.315 0.066 -0.224 0.094 -0.283 0.064 1898 -0.442 0.088 -0.277 0.065 -0.407 0.087 -0.249 0.063 1899 -0.278 0.088 -0.273 0.066 -0.249 0.086 -0.252 0.063 1900 -0.165 0.084 -0.301 0.064 -0.152 0.085 -0.276 0.062 1901 -0.240 0.087 -0.308 0.062 -0.227 0.087 -0.285 0.060 1902 -0.380 0.091 -0.356 0.062 -0.344 0.089 -0.333 0.060 1903 -0.475 0.079 -0.394 0.062 -0.453 0.080 -0.370 0.060 1904 -0.517 0.086 -0.403 0.060 -0.490 0.085 -0.377 0.058 1905 -0.359 0.080 -0.419 0.058 -0.335 0.081 -0.391 0.057 1906 -0.285 0.085 -0.420 0.060 -0.261 0.084 -0.392 0.058 1907 -0.459 0.081 -0.424 0.059 -0.417 0.081 -0.394 0.057 1908 -0.478 0.083 -0.454 0.061 -0.458 0.083 -0.422 0.058 1909 -0.539 0.083 -0.503 0.060 -0.500 0.081 -0.474 0.058 1910 -0.511 0.085 -0.502 0.060 -0.476 0.084 -0.475 0.057 1911 -0.527 0.079 -0.489 0.060 -0.519 0.079 -0.460 0.057 1912 -0.456 0.077 -0.430 0.059 -0.420 0.077 -0.403 0.056 1913 -0.415 0.078 -0.364 0.059 -0.382 0.077 -0.338 0.057 1914 -0.243 0.081 -0.343 0.059 -0.217 0.081 -0.312 0.058 1915 -0.180 0.088 -0.359 0.062 -0.152 0.089 -0.326 0.061 1916 -0.423 0.086 -0.352 0.064 -0.389 0.088 -0.317 0.063 1917 -0.535 0.090 -0.362 0.065 -0.488 0.091 -0.331 0.064 1918 -0.379 0.088 -0.383 0.064 -0.339 0.088 -0.355 0.064 1919 -0.296 0.087 -0.342 0.063 -0.287 0.089 -0.318 0.063 1920 -0.284 0.084 -0.296 0.060 -0.272 0.085 -0.279 0.060 1921 -0.215 0.078 -0.278 0.059 -0.202 0.079 -0.267 0.058 1922 -0.307 0.075 -0.275 0.057 -0.292 0.076 -0.263 0.056 1923 -0.288 0.078 -0.266 0.056 -0.279 0.077 -0.253 0.055 1924 -0.281 0.074 -0.243 0.054 -0.270 0.074 -0.228 0.054 1925 -0.239 0.073 -0.224 0.053 -0.222 0.074 -0.208 0.053 1926 -0.098 0.069 -0.204 0.052 -0.075 0.071 -0.188 0.052 1927 -0.211 0.067 -0.224 0.050 -0.194 0.068 -0.203 0.051 1928 -0.191 0.071 -0.207 0.049 -0.180 0.071 -0.189 0.049 1929 -0.379 0.066 -0.206 0.049 -0.345 0.068 -0.192 0.049 1930 -0.155 0.067 -0.190 0.048 -0.149 0.068 -0.179 0.048 1931 -0.096 0.069 -0.216 0.046 -0.092 0.070 -0.203 0.047 1932 -0.131 0.064 -0.177 0.046 -0.128 0.065 -0.168 0.047 1933 -0.320 0.066 -0.190 0.046 -0.299 0.067 -0.178 0.047 1934 -0.180 0.065 -0.205 0.045 -0.171 0.066 -0.190 0.046 1935 -0.222 0.067 -0.178 0.045 -0.198 0.068 -0.166 0.045 1936 -0.170 0.063 -0.112 0.043 -0.152 0.064 -0.110 0.044 1937 0.002 0.063 -0.081 0.043 -0.012 0.065 -0.076 0.044 1938 0.008 0.064 -0.022 0.043 -0.015 0.066 -0.025 0.044 1939 -0.024 0.071 0.022 0.045 -0.005 0.074 0.020 0.046 1940 0.073 0.074 0.023 0.049 0.057 0.077 0.026 0.051 1941 0.051 0.076 0.032 0.054 0.073 0.079 0.037 0.057 1942 0.008 0.085 0.066 0.059 0.021 0.089 0.066 0.063 1943 0.051 0.086 0.052 0.063 0.039 0.091 0.059 0.066 1944 0.144 0.086 0.030 0.060 0.140 0.090 0.035 0.063 1945 0.007 0.084 0.036 0.055 0.021 0.089 0.033 0.058 1946 -0.061 0.083 0.011 0.054 -0.043 0.088 0.015 0.057 1947 0.040 0.085 -0.038 0.056 0.007 0.090 -0.030 0.059 1948 -0.074 0.089 -0.074 0.059 -0.049 0.094 -0.067 0.063 1949 -0.102 0.072 -0.061 0.057 -0.084 0.075 -0.057 0.060 1950 -0.172 0.068 -0.055 0.053 -0.164 0.072 -0.046 0.057 1951 0.002 0.065 -0.014 0.050 0.007 0.068 -0.013 0.052 1952 0.070 0.067 -0.006 0.048 0.059 0.070 -0.010 0.051 1953 0.131 0.067 0.005 0.046 0.115 0.070 -0.002 0.049 1954 -0.063 0.066 -0.031 0.044 -0.069 0.069 -0.042 0.047 1955 -0.113 0.062 -0.032 0.043 -0.123 0.065 -0.040 0.045 1956 -0.179 0.055 -0.046 0.041 -0.193 0.058 -0.047 0.043 1957 0.063 0.067 -0.026 0.040 0.068 0.067 -0.026 0.042 1958 0.063 0.055 -0.005 0.038 0.080 0.058 -0.002 0.040 1959 0.036 0.053 0.045 0.036 0.039 0.056 0.053 0.038 1960 -0.010 0.050 0.037 0.034 -0.006 0.054 0.043 0.036 1961 0.073 0.049 0.037 0.034 0.081 0.053 0.042 0.036 1962 0.024 0.051 -0.011 0.034 0.021 0.053 -0.003 0.036 1963 0.063 0.052 -0.029 0.034 0.073 0.055 -0.022 0.036 1964 -0.204 0.050 -0.051 0.034 -0.181 0.053 -0.045 0.036 1965 -0.104 0.050 -0.054 0.033 -0.104 0.053 -0.050 0.036 1966 -0.035 0.051 -0.078 0.032 -0.035 0.054 -0.073 0.034 1967 0.007 0.048 -0.020 0.030 -0.005 0.051 -0.019 0.032 1968 -0.055 0.046 0.006 0.029 -0.041 0.049 0.010 0.031 1969 0.089 0.046 -0.007 0.028 0.090 0.049 -0.003 0.030 1970 0.024 0.045 -0.010 0.028 0.039 0.048 -0.003 0.030 1971 -0.099 0.047 0.023 0.027 -0.096 0.050 0.027 0.029 1972 -0.008 0.046 -0.017 0.027 -0.005 0.048 -0.017 0.028 1973 0.109 0.042 -0.033 0.026 0.110 0.045 -0.036 0.028 1974 -0.110 0.047 -0.046 0.026 -0.131 0.048 -0.050 0.027 1975 -0.056 0.045 -0.018 0.025 -0.060 0.048 -0.025 0.026 1976 -0.164 0.045 -0.038 0.024 -0.162 0.047 -0.046 0.026 1977 0.133 0.042 0.003 0.022 0.117 0.045 0.002 0.024 1978 0.006 0.041 0.056 0.021 0.005 0.044 0.053 0.023 1979 0.093 0.032 0.141 0.021 0.110 0.033 0.130 0.022 1980 0.212 0.035 0.122 0.022 0.196 0.037 0.116 0.023 1981 0.259 0.038 0.168 0.022 0.219 0.040 0.160 0.023 1982 0.042 0.040 0.163 0.023 0.049 0.042 0.148 0.024 1983 0.235 0.038 0.132 0.023 0.227 0.041 0.118 0.025 1984 0.068 0.036 0.101 0.023 0.049 0.038 0.092 0.025 1985 0.055 0.032 0.141 0.023 0.046 0.033 0.128 0.025 1986 0.107 0.034 0.151 0.024 0.089 0.035 0.134 0.025 1987 0.241 0.033 0.171 0.025 0.227 0.035 0.154 0.026 1988 0.285 0.034 0.232 0.026 0.260 0.036 0.212 0.028 1989 0.167 0.037 0.279 0.028 0.147 0.039 0.255 0.030 1990 0.360 0.039 0.263 0.030 0.335 0.041 0.242 0.031 1991 0.344 0.040 0.244 0.031 0.308 0.042 0.224 0.033 1992 0.158 0.041 0.259 0.033 0.159 0.043 0.243 0.035 1993 0.190 0.043 0.265 0.034 0.173 0.046 0.244 0.036 1994 0.244 0.043 0.255 0.035 0.240 0.046 0.228 0.038 1995 0.389 0.044 0.310 0.036 0.342 0.047 0.278 0.038 1996 0.292 0.043 0.389 0.037 0.225 0.046 0.350 0.040 1997 0.434 0.042 0.411 0.038 0.411 0.045 0.363 0.041 1998 0.587 0.047 0.407 0.039 0.531 0.050 0.358 0.041 1999 0.354 0.048 0.450 0.040 0.305 0.050 0.407 0.042 2000 0.365 0.047 0.480 0.041 0.316 0.050 0.432 0.044 2001 0.507 0.047 0.477 0.041 0.473 0.050 0.431 0.044 2002 0.587 0.047 0.501 0.042 0.532 0.049 0.462 0.044 2003 0.572 0.047 0.559 0.042 0.530 0.050 0.516 0.044 2004 0.474 0.045 0.579 0.042 0.460 0.047 0.524 0.044 2005 0.655 0.046 0.585 0.041 0.583 0.048 0.525 0.044 2006 0.608 0.046 0.568 0.041 0.517 0.048 0.505 0.043 2007 0.617 0.042 0.596 0.041 0.535 0.044 0.521 0.043 2008 0.484 0.044 0.601 0.041 0.432 0.046 0.525 0.043 2009 0.615 0.044 0.594 0.040 0.540 0.046 0.517 0.042 2010 0.684 0.044 0.587 0.041 0.601 0.046 0.512 0.043 2011 0.569 0.044 0.611 0.041 0.479 0.046 0.538 0.043 2012 0.581 0.044 0.622 0.041 0.508 0.046 0.553 0.043 2013 0.607 0.046 0.647 0.042 0.562 0.048 0.585 0.043 2014 0.669 0.047 0.722 0.042 0.616 0.049 0.657 0.044 2015 0.808 0.044 0.772 0.042 0.761 0.046 0.703 0.044 2016 0.946 0.044 NaN NaN 0.837 0.046 NaN NaN 2017 0.829 0.045 NaN NaN 0.739 0.047 NaN NaN