% This file contains a brief summary of the changes in Earth's global average % surface temperature estimated by combining the Berkeley Earth land-surface % temperature field with a reinterpolated version of the HadSST ocean temperature % field. % % Two versions of this average are reported. These differ in how they treat % locations with sea ice. In the first version, temperature anomalies in the % presence of sea ice are extrapolated from land-surface air temperature anomalies. % In the second version, temperature anomalies in the presence of sea ice are % extrapolated from sea-surface water temperature anomalies (usually collected % from open water areas on the periphery of the sea ice). For most of the % ocean, sea-surface temperatures are similar to near-surface air temperatures; % however, air temperatures above sea ice can differ substantially from the water % below the sea ice. The air temperature version of this average shows larger % changes in the recent period, in part this is because water temperature changes % are limited by the freezing point of ocean water. We believe that the use of air % temperatures above sea ice provides a more natural means of describing changes in % Earth's surface temperature. % % The percent coverage of sea ice was taken from the HadISST dataset and varies % by month and location. In the typical month, between 3.5% and 5.5% of the % Earth's surface is covered with sea ice. Prior to 1900, the ice field merely % repeats a seasonal climatology and is not directly constrained by observations. % For more information on the processing and use of HadISST and HadSST refer to % the description file for the combined gridded data product. % % Temperatures are in Celsius and reported as anomalies % relative to the Jan 1951-Dec 1980 average. Uncertainties represent the 95% confidence % interval for statistical and spatial undersampling effects as well as ocean biases. % % % The land analysis was run on 11-Jun-2018 08:22:19 % The ocean analysis was published on 08-Jun-2018 18:21:52 % % The land component is based on 45009 time series % with 17942329 monthly data points % % The ocean component is based on 363019387 instantaneous % water temperature observations % % Estimated Jan 1951-Dec 1980 global mean temperature (C) % Using air temperature above sea ice: 14.190 +/- 0.044 % Using water temperature below sea ice: 14.734 +/- 0.044 % % % Land + Ocean anomaly using air temperature above sea ice Land + Ocean using water temperature below sea ice % Year, Annual Anomaly, Annual Unc., Five-year Anomaly, Five-year Unc., Annual Anomaly, Annual Unc., Five-year Anomaly, Five-year Unc. 1850 -0.502 0.136 NaN NaN -0.458 0.128 NaN NaN 1851 -0.373 0.167 NaN NaN -0.347 0.152 NaN NaN 1852 -0.354 0.144 -0.397 0.089 -0.318 0.134 -0.363 0.085 1853 -0.399 0.126 -0.364 0.080 -0.365 0.119 -0.330 0.078 1854 -0.358 0.123 -0.387 0.074 -0.327 0.115 -0.349 0.072 1855 -0.338 0.131 -0.441 0.076 -0.291 0.122 -0.398 0.074 1856 -0.484 0.128 -0.457 0.078 -0.445 0.119 -0.412 0.075 1857 -0.624 0.113 -0.471 0.080 -0.562 0.109 -0.425 0.077 1858 -0.480 0.129 -0.500 0.078 -0.435 0.120 -0.456 0.076 1859 -0.432 0.126 -0.522 0.084 -0.395 0.119 -0.476 0.082 1860 -0.480 0.147 -0.530 0.092 -0.444 0.136 -0.481 0.090 1861 -0.597 0.138 -0.526 0.104 -0.543 0.133 -0.475 0.103 1862 -0.662 0.143 -0.535 0.104 -0.588 0.139 -0.482 0.105 1863 -0.458 0.192 -0.514 0.117 -0.405 0.182 -0.460 0.119 1864 -0.478 0.141 -0.456 0.117 -0.432 0.135 -0.405 0.121 1865 -0.374 0.152 -0.381 0.120 -0.335 0.156 -0.341 0.125 1866 -0.308 0.144 -0.345 0.111 -0.266 0.145 -0.306 0.117 1867 -0.289 0.147 -0.307 0.108 -0.267 0.148 -0.273 0.113 1868 -0.275 0.138 -0.304 0.093 -0.230 0.137 -0.272 0.096 1869 -0.290 0.131 -0.316 0.084 -0.267 0.123 -0.284 0.086 1870 -0.359 0.119 -0.325 0.078 -0.330 0.114 -0.291 0.077 1871 -0.368 0.114 -0.329 0.072 -0.327 0.110 -0.298 0.072 1872 -0.332 0.130 -0.346 0.076 -0.301 0.120 -0.317 0.074 1873 -0.298 0.103 -0.360 0.075 -0.266 0.101 -0.328 0.073 1874 -0.372 0.115 -0.375 0.075 -0.360 0.110 -0.342 0.073 1875 -0.432 0.115 -0.317 0.074 -0.385 0.109 -0.287 0.073 1876 -0.442 0.100 -0.249 0.075 -0.400 0.099 -0.225 0.073 1877 -0.042 0.096 -0.235 0.071 -0.023 0.097 -0.204 0.069 1878 0.041 0.101 -0.217 0.065 0.044 0.099 -0.188 0.065 1879 -0.298 0.094 -0.180 0.062 -0.258 0.092 -0.153 0.062 1880 -0.345 0.089 -0.233 0.062 -0.304 0.089 -0.201 0.061 1881 -0.255 0.084 -0.318 0.057 -0.226 0.085 -0.279 0.058 1882 -0.310 0.093 -0.367 0.058 -0.260 0.091 -0.322 0.057 1883 -0.382 0.081 -0.403 0.056 -0.346 0.081 -0.354 0.056 1884 -0.544 0.084 -0.459 0.056 -0.475 0.082 -0.407 0.055 1885 -0.523 0.082 -0.510 0.054 -0.465 0.080 -0.454 0.053 1886 -0.537 0.077 -0.509 0.053 -0.486 0.075 -0.450 0.052 1887 -0.565 0.081 -0.449 0.053 -0.495 0.079 -0.397 0.052 1888 -0.374 0.076 -0.448 0.053 -0.328 0.077 -0.398 0.052 1889 -0.246 0.088 -0.424 0.056 -0.211 0.087 -0.375 0.056 1890 -0.518 0.086 -0.402 0.058 -0.469 0.087 -0.359 0.058 1891 -0.419 0.093 -0.414 0.062 -0.369 0.094 -0.374 0.061 1892 -0.454 0.086 -0.450 0.059 -0.418 0.088 -0.409 0.060 1893 -0.435 0.083 -0.421 0.059 -0.403 0.085 -0.383 0.060 1894 -0.423 0.082 -0.390 0.058 -0.387 0.085 -0.353 0.059 1895 -0.373 0.085 -0.352 0.058 -0.337 0.088 -0.317 0.059 1896 -0.264 0.088 -0.357 0.061 -0.222 0.089 -0.321 0.061 1897 -0.264 0.087 -0.330 0.061 -0.238 0.088 -0.295 0.061 1898 -0.461 0.093 -0.292 0.062 -0.421 0.091 -0.261 0.060 1899 -0.285 0.081 -0.291 0.060 -0.256 0.081 -0.265 0.059 1900 -0.187 0.083 -0.318 0.058 -0.169 0.084 -0.289 0.057 1901 -0.258 0.086 -0.327 0.057 -0.240 0.086 -0.299 0.056 1902 -0.400 0.081 -0.378 0.057 -0.357 0.082 -0.350 0.056 1903 -0.505 0.080 -0.419 0.055 -0.474 0.081 -0.387 0.055 1904 -0.540 0.081 -0.428 0.053 -0.507 0.082 -0.394 0.053 1905 -0.391 0.079 -0.443 0.053 -0.357 0.080 -0.409 0.053 1906 -0.305 0.077 -0.441 0.052 -0.277 0.079 -0.409 0.052 1907 -0.475 0.074 -0.444 0.051 -0.431 0.077 -0.410 0.051 1908 -0.495 0.076 -0.471 0.049 -0.472 0.078 -0.436 0.050 1909 -0.552 0.074 -0.519 0.048 -0.514 0.075 -0.487 0.049 1910 -0.526 0.073 -0.519 0.048 -0.487 0.075 -0.488 0.048 1911 -0.548 0.070 -0.508 0.047 -0.534 0.073 -0.474 0.048 1912 -0.474 0.072 -0.449 0.046 -0.435 0.073 -0.418 0.047 1913 -0.436 0.070 -0.384 0.048 -0.400 0.071 -0.354 0.049 1914 -0.262 0.073 -0.363 0.050 -0.233 0.075 -0.328 0.050 1915 -0.201 0.080 -0.378 0.052 -0.168 0.083 -0.340 0.053 1916 -0.439 0.081 -0.369 0.053 -0.401 0.085 -0.330 0.055 1917 -0.550 0.082 -0.379 0.056 -0.500 0.086 -0.344 0.058 1918 -0.394 0.078 -0.399 0.056 -0.350 0.081 -0.367 0.058 1919 -0.312 0.084 -0.356 0.055 -0.299 0.087 -0.328 0.057 1920 -0.300 0.081 -0.308 0.052 -0.283 0.083 -0.288 0.054 1921 -0.223 0.073 -0.289 0.051 -0.210 0.076 -0.275 0.053 1922 -0.313 0.070 -0.284 0.048 -0.297 0.072 -0.271 0.050 1923 -0.297 0.069 -0.274 0.047 -0.286 0.071 -0.260 0.049 1924 -0.288 0.067 -0.249 0.047 -0.277 0.069 -0.233 0.048 1925 -0.249 0.068 -0.228 0.047 -0.232 0.071 -0.213 0.049 1926 -0.096 0.067 -0.205 0.048 -0.074 0.069 -0.191 0.049 1927 -0.209 0.069 -0.222 0.048 -0.194 0.069 -0.204 0.049 1928 -0.184 0.067 -0.201 0.049 -0.177 0.068 -0.187 0.049 1929 -0.373 0.067 -0.200 0.049 -0.343 0.068 -0.190 0.049 1930 -0.144 0.068 -0.183 0.048 -0.145 0.069 -0.176 0.048 1931 -0.090 0.067 -0.209 0.047 -0.089 0.069 -0.199 0.047 1932 -0.124 0.065 -0.168 0.046 -0.124 0.066 -0.164 0.047 1933 -0.312 0.065 -0.182 0.045 -0.295 0.067 -0.174 0.046 1934 -0.171 0.065 -0.196 0.044 -0.166 0.066 -0.185 0.044 1935 -0.213 0.063 -0.168 0.044 -0.194 0.065 -0.161 0.044 1936 -0.158 0.061 -0.103 0.043 -0.145 0.063 -0.104 0.043 1937 0.014 0.066 -0.072 0.043 -0.005 0.066 -0.071 0.044 1938 0.015 0.065 -0.012 0.044 -0.011 0.067 -0.020 0.045 1939 -0.016 0.073 0.031 0.046 -0.001 0.075 0.025 0.047 1940 0.084 0.074 0.032 0.049 0.063 0.077 0.031 0.051 1941 0.060 0.075 0.040 0.054 0.080 0.078 0.042 0.057 1942 0.016 0.084 0.073 0.059 0.026 0.089 0.070 0.062 1943 0.058 0.086 0.058 0.062 0.041 0.091 0.062 0.066 1944 0.147 0.085 0.034 0.059 0.140 0.090 0.038 0.063 1945 0.011 0.084 0.039 0.055 0.023 0.089 0.034 0.058 1946 -0.061 0.083 0.013 0.054 -0.043 0.088 0.016 0.057 1947 0.041 0.085 -0.036 0.055 0.007 0.090 -0.028 0.058 1948 -0.071 0.088 -0.072 0.059 -0.047 0.093 -0.066 0.063 1949 -0.098 0.072 -0.059 0.056 -0.082 0.075 -0.056 0.060 1950 -0.172 0.067 -0.053 0.053 -0.165 0.071 -0.045 0.056 1951 0.004 0.064 -0.012 0.049 0.008 0.067 -0.013 0.052 1952 0.071 0.067 -0.005 0.047 0.060 0.070 -0.010 0.050 1953 0.134 0.066 0.007 0.046 0.117 0.069 -0.001 0.049 1954 -0.062 0.066 -0.030 0.044 -0.069 0.069 -0.042 0.046 1955 -0.111 0.061 -0.031 0.042 -0.123 0.065 -0.040 0.044 1956 -0.180 0.056 -0.045 0.040 -0.193 0.059 -0.047 0.042 1957 0.065 0.063 -0.025 0.039 0.070 0.064 -0.025 0.041 1958 0.062 0.054 -0.005 0.037 0.080 0.058 -0.002 0.039 1959 0.037 0.052 0.045 0.035 0.040 0.055 0.053 0.037 1960 -0.009 0.051 0.037 0.034 -0.006 0.055 0.043 0.036 1961 0.072 0.049 0.037 0.034 0.081 0.053 0.042 0.036 1962 0.023 0.053 -0.011 0.034 0.021 0.055 -0.003 0.036 1963 0.062 0.052 -0.031 0.033 0.072 0.055 -0.023 0.036 1964 -0.205 0.048 -0.052 0.033 -0.182 0.052 -0.046 0.036 1965 -0.105 0.049 -0.055 0.033 -0.105 0.052 -0.051 0.035 1966 -0.035 0.052 -0.078 0.032 -0.034 0.055 -0.073 0.034 1967 0.007 0.048 -0.020 0.031 -0.004 0.051 -0.019 0.033 1968 -0.054 0.047 0.005 0.029 -0.039 0.050 0.010 0.031 1969 0.088 0.047 -0.008 0.028 0.090 0.050 -0.003 0.030 1970 0.021 0.045 -0.011 0.028 0.038 0.048 -0.003 0.030 1971 -0.100 0.047 0.021 0.027 -0.097 0.050 0.027 0.029 1972 -0.009 0.046 -0.019 0.026 -0.005 0.049 -0.018 0.028 1973 0.105 0.043 -0.035 0.026 0.108 0.045 -0.037 0.027 1974 -0.113 0.043 -0.048 0.025 -0.132 0.046 -0.050 0.027 1975 -0.057 0.045 -0.019 0.025 -0.060 0.048 -0.026 0.026 1976 -0.164 0.046 -0.039 0.024 -0.163 0.048 -0.047 0.026 1977 0.133 0.042 0.003 0.023 0.115 0.044 0.002 0.024 1978 0.006 0.041 0.058 0.021 0.005 0.043 0.053 0.023 1979 0.096 0.030 0.143 0.021 0.112 0.031 0.131 0.022 1980 0.218 0.034 0.125 0.022 0.199 0.036 0.117 0.023 1981 0.264 0.037 0.170 0.022 0.224 0.039 0.161 0.024 1982 0.040 0.040 0.164 0.023 0.047 0.042 0.148 0.025 1983 0.230 0.039 0.130 0.023 0.225 0.041 0.117 0.025 1984 0.066 0.036 0.098 0.024 0.048 0.038 0.090 0.025 1985 0.050 0.031 0.137 0.024 0.043 0.033 0.125 0.025 1986 0.103 0.034 0.147 0.024 0.085 0.035 0.131 0.025 1987 0.236 0.032 0.166 0.025 0.224 0.034 0.150 0.026 1988 0.282 0.035 0.228 0.026 0.256 0.036 0.209 0.028 1989 0.162 0.037 0.275 0.028 0.145 0.039 0.252 0.029 1990 0.358 0.038 0.260 0.029 0.334 0.040 0.239 0.031 1991 0.339 0.040 0.240 0.031 0.303 0.042 0.222 0.033 1992 0.157 0.042 0.256 0.033 0.158 0.044 0.240 0.035 1993 0.186 0.044 0.262 0.035 0.169 0.046 0.242 0.037 1994 0.242 0.044 0.252 0.036 0.238 0.046 0.226 0.038 1995 0.386 0.045 0.307 0.036 0.341 0.047 0.277 0.038 1996 0.288 0.043 0.386 0.037 0.224 0.046 0.349 0.040 1997 0.433 0.042 0.408 0.038 0.411 0.045 0.362 0.041 1998 0.582 0.047 0.404 0.039 0.530 0.049 0.357 0.041 1999 0.349 0.047 0.447 0.040 0.305 0.050 0.407 0.042 2000 0.365 0.047 0.477 0.041 0.316 0.050 0.431 0.043 2001 0.505 0.047 0.476 0.041 0.473 0.050 0.431 0.044 2002 0.586 0.046 0.501 0.041 0.532 0.049 0.462 0.044 2003 0.573 0.047 0.559 0.041 0.531 0.049 0.516 0.044 2004 0.475 0.045 0.579 0.041 0.461 0.047 0.524 0.044 2005 0.656 0.047 0.584 0.041 0.583 0.049 0.524 0.043 2006 0.606 0.045 0.565 0.041 0.516 0.048 0.503 0.043 2007 0.611 0.042 0.590 0.041 0.531 0.045 0.517 0.043 2008 0.475 0.044 0.595 0.041 0.426 0.046 0.520 0.043 2009 0.602 0.044 0.586 0.041 0.530 0.046 0.511 0.043 2010 0.679 0.045 0.580 0.041 0.598 0.047 0.506 0.043 2011 0.561 0.044 0.605 0.040 0.472 0.046 0.532 0.043 2012 0.581 0.042 0.618 0.040 0.504 0.045 0.548 0.043 2013 0.601 0.045 0.643 0.040 0.555 0.047 0.579 0.043 2014 0.666 0.045 0.720 0.040 0.612 0.048 0.652 0.043 2015 0.804 0.043 0.770 0.040 0.755 0.046 0.699 0.043 2016 0.946 0.043 NaN NaN 0.834 0.046 NaN NaN 2017 0.832 0.046 NaN NaN 0.737 0.048 NaN NaN