% This file contains a brief summary of the changes in Earth's global average % surface temperature estimated by combining the Berkeley Earth land-surface % temperature field with a reinterpolated version of the HadSST ocean temperature % field. % % Two versions of this average are reported. These differ in how they treat % locations with sea ice. In the first version, temperature anomalies in the % presence of sea ice are extrapolated from land-surface air temperature anomalies. % In the second version, temperature anomalies in the presence of sea ice are % extrapolated from sea-surface water temperature anomalies (usually collected % from open water areas on the periphery of the sea ice). For most of the % ocean, sea-surface temperatures are similar to near-surface air temperatures; % however, air temperatures above sea ice can differ substantially from the water % below the sea ice. The air temperature version of this average shows larger % changes in the recent period, in part this is because water temperature changes % are limited by the freezing point of ocean water. We believe that the use of air % temperatures above sea ice provides a more natural means of describing changes in % Earth's surface temperature. % % The percent coverage of sea ice was taken from the HadISST dataset and varies % by month and location. In the typical month, between 3.5% and 5.5% of the % Earth's surface is covered with sea ice. Prior to 1900, the ice field merely % repeats a seasonal climatology and is not directly constrained by observations. % For more information on the processing and use of HadISST and HadSST refer to % the description file for the combined gridded data product. % % Temperatures are in Celsius and reported as anomalies % relative to the Jan 1951-Dec 1980 average. Uncertainties represent the 95% confidence % interval for statistical and spatial undersampling effects as well as ocean biases. % % % The land analysis was run on 13-Sep-2018 04:57:28 % The ocean analysis was published on 12-Sep-2018 15:05:16 % % The land component is based on 46152 time series % with 18943866 monthly data points % % The ocean component is based on 368211480 instantaneous % water temperature observations % % Estimated Jan 1951-Dec 1980 global mean temperature (C) % Using air temperature above sea ice: 14.188 +/- 0.050 % Using water temperature below sea ice: 14.732 +/- 0.050 % % % Land + Ocean anomaly using air temperature above sea ice Land + Ocean using water temperature below sea ice % Year, Annual Anomaly, Annual Unc., Five-year Anomaly, Five-year Unc., Annual Anomaly, Annual Unc., Five-year Anomaly, Five-year Unc. 1850 -0.515 0.187 NaN NaN -0.468 0.167 NaN NaN 1851 -0.391 0.219 NaN NaN -0.361 0.193 NaN NaN 1852 -0.379 0.216 -0.407 0.157 -0.339 0.191 -0.371 0.138 1853 -0.402 0.184 -0.369 0.140 -0.368 0.164 -0.333 0.124 1854 -0.350 0.141 -0.384 0.120 -0.319 0.129 -0.346 0.108 1855 -0.324 0.137 -0.429 0.105 -0.278 0.126 -0.388 0.096 1856 -0.464 0.133 -0.439 0.091 -0.427 0.122 -0.397 0.085 1857 -0.603 0.137 -0.446 0.087 -0.545 0.127 -0.405 0.082 1858 -0.453 0.125 -0.472 0.095 -0.414 0.117 -0.433 0.089 1859 -0.389 0.118 -0.488 0.100 -0.359 0.113 -0.447 0.094 1860 -0.451 0.169 -0.494 0.106 -0.420 0.153 -0.451 0.100 1861 -0.543 0.150 -0.485 0.109 -0.498 0.142 -0.441 0.107 1862 -0.634 0.151 -0.495 0.117 -0.565 0.144 -0.449 0.114 1863 -0.407 0.172 -0.472 0.126 -0.363 0.167 -0.426 0.125 1864 -0.438 0.141 -0.420 0.131 -0.398 0.135 -0.376 0.131 1865 -0.340 0.181 -0.346 0.136 -0.307 0.176 -0.312 0.136 1866 -0.283 0.168 -0.315 0.133 -0.247 0.162 -0.282 0.132 1867 -0.264 0.174 -0.281 0.132 -0.246 0.168 -0.252 0.130 1868 -0.250 0.136 -0.282 0.116 -0.210 0.136 -0.255 0.113 1869 -0.267 0.153 -0.300 0.104 -0.249 0.140 -0.272 0.100 1870 -0.347 0.125 -0.316 0.092 -0.323 0.118 -0.284 0.088 1871 -0.375 0.118 -0.327 0.088 -0.331 0.113 -0.297 0.083 1872 -0.342 0.124 -0.350 0.079 -0.308 0.116 -0.320 0.076 1873 -0.306 0.112 -0.366 0.075 -0.273 0.108 -0.332 0.073 1874 -0.380 0.119 -0.377 0.072 -0.368 0.113 -0.345 0.070 1875 -0.427 0.102 -0.318 0.073 -0.381 0.100 -0.288 0.072 1876 -0.432 0.100 -0.245 0.067 -0.393 0.099 -0.222 0.067 1877 -0.043 0.095 -0.227 0.062 -0.024 0.096 -0.199 0.063 1878 0.055 0.093 -0.212 0.060 0.055 0.094 -0.185 0.061 1879 -0.290 0.088 -0.176 0.059 -0.251 0.088 -0.151 0.060 1880 -0.352 0.089 -0.229 0.058 -0.311 0.089 -0.197 0.059 1881 -0.251 0.087 -0.313 0.058 -0.223 0.087 -0.275 0.058 1882 -0.307 0.091 -0.360 0.058 -0.257 0.090 -0.317 0.058 1883 -0.364 0.082 -0.390 0.060 -0.334 0.082 -0.344 0.059 1884 -0.525 0.090 -0.445 0.065 -0.461 0.087 -0.395 0.062 1885 -0.501 0.091 -0.494 0.066 -0.447 0.086 -0.440 0.062 1886 -0.529 0.101 -0.492 0.066 -0.477 0.093 -0.436 0.061 1887 -0.549 0.092 -0.432 0.067 -0.482 0.088 -0.383 0.062 1888 -0.355 0.080 -0.434 0.067 -0.313 0.079 -0.386 0.063 1889 -0.226 0.089 -0.409 0.066 -0.196 0.087 -0.362 0.063 1890 -0.508 0.096 -0.388 0.066 -0.461 0.094 -0.348 0.064 1891 -0.406 0.095 -0.404 0.069 -0.358 0.095 -0.365 0.067 1892 -0.446 0.095 -0.444 0.067 -0.411 0.094 -0.403 0.066 1893 -0.434 0.089 -0.416 0.064 -0.399 0.090 -0.376 0.064 1894 -0.428 0.084 -0.388 0.062 -0.385 0.086 -0.348 0.062 1895 -0.365 0.084 -0.349 0.062 -0.329 0.087 -0.312 0.062 1896 -0.266 0.087 -0.352 0.061 -0.219 0.088 -0.315 0.061 1897 -0.250 0.092 -0.323 0.060 -0.230 0.091 -0.289 0.060 1898 -0.449 0.084 -0.284 0.061 -0.413 0.084 -0.254 0.060 1899 -0.284 0.083 -0.279 0.059 -0.254 0.083 -0.256 0.058 1900 -0.170 0.083 -0.305 0.056 -0.156 0.084 -0.279 0.056 1901 -0.241 0.081 -0.312 0.055 -0.227 0.082 -0.288 0.055 1902 -0.382 0.077 -0.360 0.053 -0.345 0.080 -0.336 0.054 1903 -0.482 0.078 -0.399 0.052 -0.459 0.080 -0.373 0.052 1904 -0.523 0.076 -0.409 0.052 -0.496 0.079 -0.381 0.053 1905 -0.365 0.076 -0.425 0.052 -0.340 0.078 -0.396 0.053 1906 -0.290 0.082 -0.425 0.051 -0.265 0.083 -0.397 0.052 1907 -0.467 0.077 -0.429 0.051 -0.422 0.078 -0.399 0.051 1908 -0.481 0.075 -0.460 0.050 -0.461 0.077 -0.427 0.051 1909 -0.545 0.070 -0.508 0.049 -0.505 0.072 -0.478 0.049 1910 -0.516 0.073 -0.506 0.049 -0.481 0.075 -0.478 0.049 1911 -0.530 0.075 -0.493 0.049 -0.522 0.077 -0.462 0.049 1912 -0.457 0.075 -0.433 0.050 -0.422 0.076 -0.405 0.050 1913 -0.416 0.071 -0.367 0.052 -0.383 0.071 -0.340 0.051 1914 -0.247 0.076 -0.345 0.052 -0.219 0.077 -0.314 0.052 1915 -0.183 0.081 -0.361 0.054 -0.155 0.084 -0.327 0.055 1916 -0.423 0.082 -0.353 0.057 -0.390 0.086 -0.318 0.057 1917 -0.535 0.085 -0.363 0.058 -0.488 0.087 -0.332 0.060 1918 -0.378 0.081 -0.384 0.058 -0.339 0.084 -0.356 0.060 1919 -0.297 0.083 -0.342 0.057 -0.288 0.086 -0.318 0.059 1920 -0.284 0.080 -0.297 0.054 -0.273 0.083 -0.279 0.055 1921 -0.216 0.076 -0.279 0.053 -0.202 0.078 -0.267 0.054 1922 -0.308 0.073 -0.275 0.051 -0.292 0.074 -0.263 0.052 1923 -0.287 0.071 -0.266 0.051 -0.278 0.072 -0.253 0.052 1924 -0.280 0.070 -0.242 0.051 -0.269 0.071 -0.227 0.051 1925 -0.239 0.073 -0.223 0.050 -0.222 0.074 -0.207 0.051 1926 -0.097 0.070 -0.203 0.050 -0.073 0.071 -0.187 0.051 1927 -0.211 0.065 -0.223 0.050 -0.194 0.066 -0.202 0.051 1928 -0.190 0.068 -0.206 0.049 -0.178 0.069 -0.187 0.049 1929 -0.377 0.068 -0.206 0.048 -0.343 0.069 -0.191 0.049 1930 -0.154 0.067 -0.190 0.047 -0.148 0.068 -0.178 0.048 1931 -0.098 0.068 -0.217 0.046 -0.093 0.069 -0.203 0.047 1932 -0.133 0.062 -0.178 0.044 -0.130 0.063 -0.169 0.045 1933 -0.322 0.063 -0.192 0.043 -0.301 0.065 -0.179 0.044 1934 -0.182 0.063 -0.206 0.042 -0.172 0.065 -0.191 0.043 1935 -0.223 0.063 -0.179 0.041 -0.199 0.065 -0.167 0.043 1936 -0.170 0.062 -0.113 0.041 -0.152 0.063 -0.110 0.042 1937 0.001 0.062 -0.082 0.042 -0.012 0.064 -0.077 0.043 1938 0.007 0.066 -0.023 0.042 -0.016 0.067 -0.026 0.044 1939 -0.025 0.070 0.021 0.044 -0.006 0.073 0.019 0.046 1940 0.073 0.073 0.022 0.048 0.057 0.076 0.026 0.050 1941 0.050 0.075 0.031 0.053 0.073 0.079 0.036 0.056 1942 0.007 0.085 0.064 0.058 0.020 0.089 0.064 0.062 1943 0.048 0.086 0.050 0.062 0.036 0.091 0.057 0.066 1944 0.141 0.085 0.027 0.059 0.137 0.090 0.033 0.062 1945 0.004 0.084 0.034 0.054 0.019 0.088 0.030 0.057 1946 -0.064 0.083 0.009 0.053 -0.045 0.088 0.013 0.057 1947 0.038 0.084 -0.040 0.055 0.005 0.089 -0.031 0.058 1948 -0.076 0.089 -0.076 0.059 -0.050 0.094 -0.069 0.062 1949 -0.105 0.071 -0.064 0.056 -0.086 0.075 -0.059 0.060 1950 -0.176 0.067 -0.058 0.053 -0.168 0.071 -0.048 0.056 1951 -0.002 0.064 -0.017 0.049 0.005 0.068 -0.016 0.052 1952 0.068 0.067 -0.009 0.048 0.057 0.070 -0.012 0.051 1953 0.129 0.067 0.004 0.046 0.113 0.070 -0.003 0.049 1954 -0.063 0.066 -0.031 0.044 -0.069 0.069 -0.043 0.046 1955 -0.111 0.061 -0.032 0.042 -0.122 0.065 -0.041 0.044 1956 -0.179 0.055 -0.045 0.040 -0.192 0.058 -0.047 0.042 1957 0.063 0.063 -0.026 0.038 0.068 0.064 -0.025 0.041 1958 0.063 0.055 -0.005 0.037 0.080 0.058 -0.002 0.039 1959 0.036 0.052 0.045 0.035 0.040 0.055 0.052 0.037 1960 -0.010 0.052 0.037 0.035 -0.006 0.055 0.043 0.037 1961 0.072 0.049 0.037 0.034 0.081 0.053 0.041 0.036 1962 0.024 0.053 -0.011 0.034 0.020 0.055 -0.003 0.036 1963 0.063 0.052 -0.030 0.033 0.073 0.055 -0.022 0.036 1964 -0.204 0.048 -0.051 0.033 -0.182 0.052 -0.046 0.036 1965 -0.104 0.050 -0.055 0.033 -0.104 0.053 -0.051 0.035 1966 -0.035 0.051 -0.079 0.032 -0.035 0.055 -0.073 0.034 1967 0.006 0.048 -0.020 0.031 -0.005 0.052 -0.019 0.033 1968 -0.056 0.048 0.006 0.030 -0.041 0.050 0.010 0.032 1969 0.089 0.047 -0.007 0.029 0.090 0.050 -0.003 0.031 1970 0.024 0.045 -0.010 0.028 0.039 0.048 -0.003 0.030 1971 -0.099 0.046 0.023 0.027 -0.096 0.049 0.028 0.029 1972 -0.007 0.045 -0.016 0.027 -0.005 0.048 -0.016 0.028 1973 0.110 0.043 -0.032 0.026 0.111 0.045 -0.035 0.028 1974 -0.108 0.045 -0.044 0.026 -0.129 0.047 -0.049 0.027 1975 -0.054 0.045 -0.016 0.025 -0.059 0.048 -0.024 0.026 1976 -0.162 0.045 -0.037 0.024 -0.161 0.048 -0.045 0.026 1977 0.135 0.042 0.004 0.023 0.118 0.045 0.003 0.024 1978 0.007 0.042 0.057 0.021 0.006 0.044 0.054 0.023 1979 0.094 0.030 0.141 0.021 0.110 0.031 0.130 0.022 1980 0.213 0.035 0.123 0.022 0.197 0.037 0.116 0.023 1981 0.259 0.037 0.168 0.022 0.219 0.039 0.160 0.024 1982 0.041 0.040 0.163 0.024 0.048 0.043 0.148 0.025 1983 0.234 0.040 0.131 0.024 0.226 0.042 0.117 0.025 1984 0.067 0.036 0.100 0.025 0.048 0.038 0.091 0.026 1985 0.053 0.033 0.140 0.024 0.045 0.034 0.127 0.025 1986 0.105 0.033 0.150 0.024 0.088 0.034 0.133 0.025 1987 0.239 0.033 0.170 0.025 0.226 0.035 0.153 0.026 1988 0.284 0.035 0.230 0.027 0.259 0.036 0.211 0.028 1989 0.166 0.037 0.278 0.028 0.147 0.039 0.255 0.030 1990 0.358 0.038 0.262 0.030 0.334 0.040 0.242 0.032 1991 0.343 0.040 0.243 0.031 0.308 0.042 0.224 0.033 1992 0.158 0.041 0.258 0.033 0.159 0.043 0.243 0.035 1993 0.189 0.044 0.264 0.034 0.173 0.046 0.245 0.036 1994 0.243 0.044 0.254 0.036 0.241 0.046 0.228 0.038 1995 0.388 0.044 0.309 0.036 0.342 0.047 0.278 0.038 1996 0.291 0.043 0.388 0.037 0.225 0.046 0.350 0.039 1997 0.433 0.043 0.410 0.038 0.411 0.045 0.362 0.040 1998 0.586 0.046 0.405 0.039 0.531 0.049 0.357 0.041 1999 0.351 0.047 0.448 0.040 0.303 0.050 0.406 0.042 2000 0.363 0.047 0.478 0.041 0.314 0.050 0.430 0.043 2001 0.505 0.047 0.475 0.041 0.472 0.050 0.430 0.044 2002 0.585 0.046 0.499 0.041 0.531 0.049 0.461 0.044 2003 0.571 0.046 0.558 0.041 0.529 0.049 0.515 0.044 2004 0.472 0.045 0.578 0.041 0.459 0.048 0.523 0.044 2005 0.655 0.046 0.584 0.041 0.583 0.048 0.524 0.043 2006 0.606 0.045 0.566 0.040 0.516 0.047 0.504 0.043 2007 0.615 0.043 0.595 0.040 0.534 0.045 0.520 0.042 2008 0.483 0.042 0.600 0.040 0.431 0.044 0.524 0.042 2009 0.614 0.043 0.592 0.040 0.538 0.045 0.516 0.042 2010 0.683 0.043 0.586 0.040 0.600 0.046 0.511 0.042 2011 0.567 0.043 0.611 0.040 0.477 0.046 0.537 0.042 2012 0.581 0.045 0.621 0.040 0.508 0.046 0.552 0.043 2013 0.607 0.044 0.646 0.041 0.561 0.046 0.584 0.043 2014 0.669 0.045 0.722 0.041 0.615 0.048 0.656 0.043 2015 0.807 0.043 0.772 0.041 0.760 0.045 0.702 0.043 2016 0.946 0.046 NaN NaN 0.836 0.048 NaN NaN 2017 0.829 0.047 NaN NaN 0.738 0.049 NaN NaN