% This file contains a brief summary of the changes in Earth's global average % surface temperature estimated by combining the Berkeley Earth land-surface % temperature field with a reinterpolated version of the HadSST4 ocean temperature % field. % % The current citation for this dataset is: % % Rohde, R. A. and Hausfather, Z.: The Berkeley Earth Land/Ocean Temperature % Record, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3469-3479, % https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3469-2020, 2020. % % The dataset differs slightly from the dataset as described in the citation as % HadSST3 has been replaced with the newer HadSST4, and associated interpolation % parameters have been refit accordingly. No other changes in methods were needed % when moving to the new version of HadSST. % % Two versions of this average are reported. These differ in how they treat % locations with sea ice. In the first version, temperature anomalies in the % presence of sea ice are extrapolated from land-surface air temperature anomalies. % In the second version, temperature anomalies in the presence of sea ice are % extrapolated from sea-surface water temperature anomalies (usually collected % from open water areas on the periphery of the sea ice). For most of the % ocean, sea-surface temperatures are similar to near-surface air temperatures; % however, air temperatures above sea ice can differ substantially from the water % below the sea ice. The air temperature version of this average shows larger % changes in the recent period, in part this is because water temperature changes % are limited by the freezing point of ocean water. We believe that the use of air % temperatures above sea ice provides a more natural means of describing changes in % Earth's surface temperature. % % The percent coverage of sea ice was taken from the HadISST v2 dataset and varies % by month and location. In the typical month, between 3.5% and 5.5% of the % Earth's surface is covered with sea ice. For more information on the processing % and use of HadISST and HadSST refer to the description file for the combined % gridded data product. % % Temperatures are in Celsius and reported as anomalies % relative to the Jan 1951-Dec 1980 average. Uncertainties represent the 95% confidence % interval for statistical and spatial undersampling effects as well as ocean biases. % % % The land analysis was run on 06-Jan-2022 09:46:48 % The ocean analysis was published on 10-Jan-2022 20:57:10 % % The land component is based on 50592 time series % with 20872809 monthly data points % % The ocean component is based on 442937685 instantaneous % water temperature observations % % Estimated Jan 1951-Dec 1980 global mean temperature (C) % Using air temperature above sea ice: 14.105 +/- 0.021 % Using water temperature below sea ice: 14.700 +/- 0.021 % % % Land + Ocean anomaly using air temperature above sea ice Land + Ocean using water temperature below sea ice % Year, Annual Anomaly, Annual Unc., Five-year Anomaly, Five-year Unc., Annual Anomaly, Annual Unc., Five-year Anomaly, Five-year Unc. 1850 -0.443 0.155 NaN NaN -0.424 0.143 NaN NaN 1851 -0.328 0.181 NaN NaN -0.324 0.163 NaN NaN 1852 -0.301 0.148 -0.334 0.121 -0.287 0.138 -0.322 0.113 1853 -0.299 0.167 -0.302 0.117 -0.287 0.149 -0.292 0.108 1854 -0.297 0.146 -0.317 0.112 -0.289 0.133 -0.305 0.103 1855 -0.287 0.135 -0.366 0.111 -0.270 0.122 -0.351 0.101 1856 -0.402 0.165 -0.373 0.119 -0.393 0.149 -0.358 0.108 1857 -0.543 0.138 -0.358 0.121 -0.514 0.125 -0.344 0.109 1858 -0.336 0.164 -0.376 0.122 -0.326 0.145 -0.363 0.110 1859 -0.223 0.151 -0.387 0.120 -0.218 0.135 -0.371 0.110 1860 -0.376 0.169 -0.392 0.123 -0.365 0.148 -0.373 0.112 1861 -0.456 0.154 -0.395 0.139 -0.433 0.145 -0.372 0.128 1862 -0.570 0.161 -0.422 0.143 -0.523 0.147 -0.397 0.133 1863 -0.349 0.212 -0.398 0.144 -0.323 0.198 -0.374 0.137 1864 -0.359 0.146 -0.348 0.150 -0.343 0.137 -0.326 0.143 1865 -0.256 0.177 -0.266 0.167 -0.247 0.170 -0.254 0.158 1866 -0.204 0.186 -0.237 0.159 -0.193 0.174 -0.227 0.151 1867 -0.161 0.225 -0.208 0.164 -0.164 0.206 -0.202 0.153 1868 -0.206 0.162 -0.214 0.161 -0.190 0.149 -0.209 0.146 1869 -0.213 0.163 -0.240 0.154 -0.218 0.144 -0.232 0.138 1870 -0.288 0.165 -0.268 0.137 -0.279 0.145 -0.258 0.121 1871 -0.332 0.158 -0.280 0.132 -0.312 0.139 -0.269 0.116 1872 -0.302 0.145 -0.300 0.126 -0.289 0.129 -0.290 0.111 1873 -0.265 0.132 -0.312 0.116 -0.249 0.118 -0.299 0.103 1874 -0.312 0.139 -0.316 0.103 -0.323 0.123 -0.303 0.093 1875 -0.349 0.119 -0.249 0.097 -0.323 0.107 -0.240 0.088 1876 -0.351 0.103 -0.173 0.101 -0.333 0.095 -0.172 0.091 1877 0.031 0.110 -0.156 0.096 0.030 0.102 -0.151 0.087 1878 0.118 0.142 -0.145 0.095 0.090 0.125 -0.142 0.087 1879 -0.229 0.111 -0.111 0.092 -0.218 0.100 -0.111 0.084 1880 -0.294 0.113 -0.166 0.086 -0.278 0.102 -0.162 0.079 1881 -0.180 0.102 -0.248 0.076 -0.180 0.093 -0.238 0.071 1882 -0.245 0.086 -0.295 0.073 -0.225 0.082 -0.280 0.070 1883 -0.294 0.080 -0.321 0.066 -0.289 0.075 -0.305 0.064 1884 -0.461 0.083 -0.376 0.061 -0.426 0.078 -0.355 0.060 1885 -0.424 0.085 -0.424 0.061 -0.403 0.080 -0.401 0.061 1886 -0.457 0.083 -0.422 0.060 -0.435 0.083 -0.398 0.060 1887 -0.487 0.082 -0.362 0.059 -0.452 0.077 -0.344 0.059 1888 -0.282 0.075 -0.367 0.062 -0.272 0.071 -0.349 0.062 1889 -0.158 0.082 -0.341 0.064 -0.158 0.079 -0.323 0.063 1890 -0.449 0.086 -0.322 0.066 -0.426 0.083 -0.309 0.066 1891 -0.329 0.084 -0.340 0.069 -0.307 0.082 -0.328 0.069 1892 -0.392 0.083 -0.381 0.070 -0.382 0.081 -0.367 0.071 1893 -0.370 0.087 -0.350 0.071 -0.366 0.086 -0.340 0.073 1894 -0.364 0.085 -0.326 0.072 -0.353 0.091 -0.316 0.074 1895 -0.297 0.085 -0.285 0.073 -0.290 0.085 -0.281 0.075 1896 -0.207 0.084 -0.292 0.072 -0.191 0.085 -0.286 0.074 1897 -0.190 0.089 -0.265 0.071 -0.202 0.083 -0.262 0.072 1898 -0.402 0.081 -0.229 0.071 -0.394 0.081 -0.231 0.072 1899 -0.228 0.087 -0.226 0.073 -0.231 0.084 -0.235 0.074 1900 -0.119 0.087 -0.259 0.072 -0.136 0.086 -0.264 0.074 1901 -0.194 0.091 -0.270 0.074 -0.212 0.091 -0.277 0.076 1902 -0.355 0.083 -0.326 0.074 -0.349 0.083 -0.332 0.076 1903 -0.454 0.088 -0.368 0.075 -0.459 0.089 -0.371 0.077 1904 -0.510 0.086 -0.378 0.075 -0.507 0.085 -0.379 0.078 1905 -0.327 0.090 -0.390 0.076 -0.331 0.088 -0.391 0.079 1906 -0.244 0.090 -0.387 0.074 -0.248 0.091 -0.388 0.076 1907 -0.417 0.086 -0.385 0.072 -0.407 0.086 -0.384 0.073 1908 -0.438 0.078 -0.412 0.066 -0.445 0.076 -0.408 0.067 1909 -0.501 0.070 -0.457 0.060 -0.487 0.069 -0.455 0.061 1910 -0.461 0.067 -0.454 0.057 -0.452 0.065 -0.450 0.058 1911 -0.471 0.068 -0.441 0.056 -0.482 0.067 -0.433 0.057 1912 -0.401 0.068 -0.378 0.056 -0.385 0.068 -0.372 0.057 1913 -0.371 0.068 -0.312 0.058 -0.360 0.065 -0.307 0.059 1914 -0.187 0.073 -0.292 0.061 -0.181 0.070 -0.283 0.061 1915 -0.132 0.078 -0.316 0.063 -0.129 0.076 -0.305 0.064 1916 -0.370 0.080 -0.312 0.065 -0.360 0.078 -0.301 0.066 1917 -0.520 0.084 -0.333 0.067 -0.497 0.083 -0.326 0.070 1918 -0.352 0.082 -0.353 0.069 -0.337 0.084 -0.349 0.071 1919 -0.289 0.085 -0.316 0.069 -0.309 0.086 -0.316 0.073 1920 -0.234 0.084 -0.266 0.068 -0.243 0.084 -0.271 0.071 1921 -0.183 0.080 -0.243 0.067 -0.194 0.082 -0.252 0.071 1922 -0.270 0.076 -0.234 0.067 -0.272 0.077 -0.242 0.070 1923 -0.236 0.078 -0.228 0.067 -0.243 0.078 -0.234 0.070 1924 -0.247 0.080 -0.206 0.067 -0.257 0.080 -0.210 0.070 1925 -0.205 0.078 -0.189 0.067 -0.205 0.079 -0.193 0.071 1926 -0.070 0.078 -0.177 0.068 -0.071 0.081 -0.181 0.071 1927 -0.187 0.076 -0.200 0.068 -0.187 0.077 -0.199 0.071 1928 -0.177 0.079 -0.186 0.068 -0.187 0.080 -0.186 0.071 1929 -0.361 0.078 -0.185 0.069 -0.346 0.078 -0.188 0.071 1930 -0.133 0.082 -0.170 0.069 -0.140 0.081 -0.176 0.071 1931 -0.070 0.079 -0.196 0.068 -0.081 0.080 -0.199 0.070 1932 -0.111 0.076 -0.155 0.067 -0.125 0.077 -0.162 0.070 1933 -0.305 0.077 -0.171 0.066 -0.302 0.077 -0.175 0.069 1934 -0.155 0.076 -0.186 0.066 -0.164 0.077 -0.187 0.068 1935 -0.215 0.076 -0.162 0.066 -0.205 0.077 -0.165 0.067 1936 -0.147 0.075 -0.098 0.065 -0.141 0.073 -0.110 0.067 1937 0.011 0.074 -0.068 0.065 -0.015 0.074 -0.077 0.067 1938 0.016 0.074 -0.009 0.066 -0.026 0.074 -0.026 0.068 1939 -0.005 0.080 0.027 0.070 0.004 0.080 0.010 0.073 1940 0.078 0.091 0.033 0.091 0.047 0.093 0.021 0.096 1941 0.034 0.189 0.049 0.119 0.042 0.202 0.040 0.127 1942 0.043 0.190 0.091 0.151 0.038 0.203 0.075 0.162 1943 0.097 0.189 0.090 0.184 0.068 0.203 0.080 0.198 1944 0.202 0.191 0.069 0.152 0.180 0.204 0.057 0.163 1945 0.075 0.189 0.060 0.125 0.073 0.202 0.039 0.133 1946 -0.072 0.127 0.022 0.106 -0.075 0.134 0.008 0.113 1947 -0.001 0.123 -0.040 0.097 -0.053 0.129 -0.048 0.102 1948 -0.095 0.117 -0.089 0.098 -0.088 0.123 -0.100 0.104 1949 -0.105 0.097 -0.073 0.087 -0.100 0.100 -0.087 0.091 1950 -0.170 0.081 -0.056 0.076 -0.184 0.084 -0.066 0.079 1951 0.008 0.071 -0.007 0.067 -0.010 0.073 -0.024 0.070 1952 0.081 0.074 0.006 0.064 0.051 0.075 -0.018 0.066 1953 0.153 0.077 0.021 0.063 0.121 0.078 -0.008 0.065 1954 -0.042 0.074 -0.016 0.063 -0.070 0.075 -0.048 0.065 1955 -0.094 0.071 -0.022 0.061 -0.130 0.073 -0.051 0.064 1956 -0.179 0.066 -0.042 0.058 -0.214 0.069 -0.065 0.061 1957 0.051 0.064 -0.026 0.057 0.036 0.066 -0.048 0.060 1958 0.056 0.060 -0.011 0.054 0.050 0.063 -0.030 0.057 1959 0.037 0.060 0.036 0.050 0.019 0.062 0.021 0.052 1960 -0.020 0.058 0.026 0.046 -0.043 0.058 0.009 0.048 1961 0.057 0.048 0.023 0.043 0.044 0.048 0.006 0.044 1962 -0.001 0.045 -0.029 0.040 -0.027 0.044 -0.041 0.040 1963 0.043 0.049 -0.046 0.038 0.035 0.048 -0.055 0.038 1964 -0.224 0.042 -0.066 0.037 -0.216 0.043 -0.072 0.037 1965 -0.104 0.044 -0.068 0.036 -0.112 0.045 -0.073 0.037 1966 -0.042 0.045 -0.094 0.034 -0.039 0.044 -0.096 0.034 1967 -0.012 0.040 -0.037 0.031 -0.031 0.039 -0.041 0.031 1968 -0.087 0.037 -0.013 0.028 -0.079 0.036 -0.014 0.027 1969 0.061 0.033 -0.026 0.025 0.057 0.032 -0.029 0.024 1970 0.013 0.030 -0.022 0.023 0.023 0.028 -0.023 0.021 1971 -0.105 0.028 0.024 0.022 -0.116 0.027 0.021 0.020 1972 0.006 0.028 -0.001 0.021 0.001 0.027 -0.009 0.019 1973 0.144 0.030 -0.002 0.022 0.141 0.030 -0.017 0.020 1974 -0.062 0.030 0.001 0.023 -0.094 0.029 -0.013 0.022 1975 0.006 0.031 0.048 0.024 -0.015 0.032 0.028 0.023 1976 -0.089 0.033 0.042 0.024 -0.098 0.032 0.019 0.023 1977 0.240 0.033 0.092 0.023 0.207 0.032 0.076 0.022 1978 0.114 0.031 0.154 0.023 0.093 0.029 0.135 0.021 1979 0.190 0.025 0.244 0.022 0.191 0.025 0.216 0.020 1980 0.313 0.026 0.225 0.022 0.280 0.026 0.204 0.020 1981 0.361 0.027 0.268 0.021 0.309 0.026 0.248 0.019 1982 0.146 0.037 0.262 0.022 0.149 0.034 0.236 0.020 1983 0.328 0.032 0.230 0.022 0.313 0.032 0.206 0.020 1984 0.160 0.031 0.200 0.022 0.127 0.030 0.179 0.020 1985 0.157 0.031 0.240 0.021 0.132 0.030 0.213 0.019 1986 0.209 0.027 0.253 0.021 0.173 0.026 0.222 0.019 1987 0.348 0.028 0.277 0.021 0.321 0.027 0.246 0.019 1988 0.393 0.030 0.340 0.021 0.357 0.028 0.305 0.020 1989 0.280 0.031 0.389 0.021 0.247 0.030 0.349 0.020 1990 0.471 0.029 0.369 0.021 0.426 0.029 0.331 0.020 1991 0.454 0.028 0.351 0.021 0.396 0.029 0.312 0.020 1992 0.247 0.030 0.366 0.022 0.229 0.031 0.328 0.021 1993 0.304 0.032 0.374 0.022 0.264 0.031 0.330 0.021 1994 0.353 0.030 0.363 0.022 0.326 0.030 0.313 0.021 1995 0.510 0.031 0.421 0.022 0.435 0.029 0.367 0.021 1996 0.399 0.028 0.498 0.022 0.313 0.028 0.437 0.021 1997 0.540 0.030 0.517 0.022 0.499 0.029 0.448 0.021 1998 0.690 0.031 0.505 0.022 0.613 0.030 0.435 0.021 1999 0.448 0.029 0.541 0.022 0.377 0.030 0.478 0.021 2000 0.448 0.029 0.568 0.022 0.373 0.029 0.498 0.021 2001 0.581 0.029 0.562 0.022 0.525 0.029 0.494 0.020 2002 0.675 0.028 0.586 0.022 0.600 0.027 0.526 0.020 2003 0.657 0.027 0.644 0.022 0.594 0.027 0.579 0.021 2004 0.571 0.027 0.665 0.022 0.535 0.026 0.589 0.020 2005 0.737 0.028 0.671 0.022 0.638 0.026 0.587 0.020 2006 0.688 0.027 0.654 0.022 0.577 0.024 0.567 0.020 2007 0.701 0.026 0.681 0.022 0.592 0.025 0.582 0.020 2008 0.573 0.025 0.690 0.023 0.493 0.023 0.588 0.020 2009 0.708 0.029 0.686 0.023 0.611 0.025 0.582 0.020 2010 0.779 0.028 0.684 0.024 0.666 0.026 0.579 0.021 2011 0.669 0.030 0.710 0.025 0.547 0.027 0.606 0.021 2012 0.689 0.031 0.725 0.025 0.581 0.028 0.621 0.022 2013 0.707 0.031 0.753 0.025 0.628 0.027 0.658 0.022 2014 0.780 0.028 0.831 0.024 0.685 0.027 0.732 0.021 2015 0.921 0.027 0.887 0.023 0.849 0.025 0.785 0.021 2016 1.059 0.026 0.924 0.022 0.918 0.023 0.812 0.020 2017 0.965 0.025 0.974 0.023 0.843 0.024 0.854 0.021 2018 0.892 0.028 1.001 0.024 0.765 0.026 0.872 0.022 2019 1.031 0.031 0.969 0.024 0.897 0.028 0.845 0.022 2020 1.058 0.031 NaN NaN 0.936 0.028 NaN NaN 2021 0.901 0.027 NaN NaN 0.785 0.027 NaN NaN