% This file contains a brief summary of the changes in Earth's global average % surface temperature estimated by combining the Berkeley Earth land-surface % temperature field with a reinterpolated version of the HadSST4 ocean temperature % field. % % The current citation for this dataset is: % % Rohde, R. A. and Hausfather, Z.: The Berkeley Earth Land/Ocean Temperature % Record, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3469�3479, % https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3469-2020, 2020. % % The dataset differs slightly from the dataset as described in the citation as % HadSST3 has been replaced with the newer HadSST4, and associated interpolation % parameters have been refit accordingly. No other changes in methods were needed % when moving to the new version of HadSST. % % Two versions of this average are reported. These differ in how they treat % locations with sea ice. In the first version, temperature anomalies in the % presence of sea ice are extrapolated from land-surface air temperature anomalies. % In the second version, temperature anomalies in the presence of sea ice are % extrapolated from sea-surface water temperature anomalies (usually collected % from open water areas on the periphery of the sea ice). For most of the % ocean, sea-surface temperatures are similar to near-surface air temperatures; % however, air temperatures above sea ice can differ substantially from the water % below the sea ice. The air temperature version of this average shows larger % changes in the recent period, in part this is because water temperature changes % are limited by the freezing point of ocean water. We believe that the use of air % temperatures above sea ice provides a more natural means of describing changes in % Earth's surface temperature. % % The percent coverage of sea ice was taken from the HadISST v2 dataset and varies % by month and location. In the typical month, between 3.5% and 5.5% of the % Earth's surface is covered with sea ice. For more information on the processing % and use of HadISST and HadSST refer to the description file for the combined % gridded data product. % % Temperatures are in Celsius and reported as anomalies % relative to the Jan 1951-Dec 1980 average. Uncertainties represent the 95% confidence % interval for statistical and spatial undersampling effects as well as ocean biases. % % % The land analysis was run on 03-Aug-2021 08:28:34 % The ocean analysis was published on 20-Aug-2021 05:22:39 % % The land component is based on 50592 time series % with 20819366 monthly data points % % The ocean component is based on 434448930 instantaneous % water temperature observations % % Estimated Jan 1951-Dec 1980 global mean temperature (C) % Using air temperature above sea ice: 14.107 +/- 0.018 % Using water temperature below sea ice: 14.702 +/- 0.018 % % % Land + Ocean anomaly using air temperature above sea ice Land + Ocean using water temperature below sea ice % Year, Annual Anomaly, Annual Unc., Five-year Anomaly, Five-year Unc., Annual Anomaly, Annual Unc., Five-year Anomaly, Five-year Unc. 1850 -0.431 0.174 NaN NaN -0.414 0.159 NaN NaN 1851 -0.317 0.209 NaN NaN -0.315 0.186 NaN NaN 1852 -0.289 0.183 -0.322 0.152 -0.277 0.166 -0.313 0.138 1853 -0.288 0.166 -0.291 0.140 -0.278 0.149 -0.282 0.126 1854 -0.285 0.174 -0.306 0.122 -0.279 0.155 -0.296 0.113 1855 -0.277 0.121 -0.355 0.116 -0.261 0.111 -0.342 0.106 1856 -0.392 0.130 -0.363 0.108 -0.385 0.121 -0.350 0.099 1857 -0.533 0.148 -0.348 0.098 -0.506 0.135 -0.336 0.091 1858 -0.327 0.132 -0.366 0.110 -0.318 0.118 -0.355 0.102 1859 -0.214 0.127 -0.377 0.114 -0.210 0.115 -0.362 0.104 1860 -0.366 0.199 -0.381 0.117 -0.357 0.176 -0.364 0.107 1861 -0.444 0.145 -0.384 0.117 -0.423 0.136 -0.363 0.109 1862 -0.557 0.150 -0.410 0.121 -0.512 0.137 -0.387 0.114 1863 -0.337 0.156 -0.384 0.122 -0.313 0.155 -0.362 0.119 1864 -0.344 0.155 -0.333 0.127 -0.330 0.143 -0.313 0.125 1865 -0.240 0.164 -0.250 0.135 -0.233 0.160 -0.241 0.134 1866 -0.187 0.168 -0.220 0.133 -0.178 0.159 -0.213 0.131 1867 -0.144 0.162 -0.191 0.128 -0.149 0.155 -0.188 0.126 1868 -0.187 0.134 -0.197 0.112 -0.174 0.129 -0.194 0.109 1869 -0.197 0.129 -0.223 0.097 -0.204 0.118 -0.218 0.095 1870 -0.270 0.113 -0.253 0.083 -0.264 0.104 -0.244 0.080 1871 -0.319 0.109 -0.267 0.078 -0.300 0.100 -0.258 0.074 1872 -0.291 0.110 -0.289 0.079 -0.279 0.100 -0.281 0.075 1873 -0.258 0.101 -0.303 0.076 -0.242 0.094 -0.291 0.073 1874 -0.306 0.106 -0.308 0.072 -0.317 0.100 -0.297 0.070 1875 -0.344 0.101 -0.244 0.075 -0.318 0.093 -0.235 0.072 1876 -0.344 0.094 -0.168 0.081 -0.327 0.087 -0.168 0.076 1877 0.033 0.104 -0.154 0.081 0.031 0.094 -0.149 0.074 1878 0.119 0.111 -0.145 0.082 0.090 0.099 -0.142 0.075 1879 -0.232 0.097 -0.113 0.084 -0.220 0.088 -0.113 0.077 1880 -0.299 0.109 -0.169 0.079 -0.283 0.098 -0.165 0.073 1881 -0.186 0.104 -0.253 0.076 -0.184 0.094 -0.242 0.071 1882 -0.249 0.083 -0.300 0.075 -0.227 0.076 -0.284 0.070 1883 -0.298 0.089 -0.326 0.069 -0.293 0.088 -0.309 0.064 1884 -0.468 0.085 -0.382 0.068 -0.431 0.077 -0.360 0.064 1885 -0.430 0.084 -0.431 0.067 -0.408 0.078 -0.406 0.064 1886 -0.463 0.093 -0.429 0.066 -0.440 0.086 -0.403 0.062 1887 -0.493 0.084 -0.368 0.067 -0.457 0.079 -0.349 0.063 1888 -0.288 0.079 -0.373 0.071 -0.277 0.074 -0.354 0.067 1889 -0.164 0.086 -0.347 0.074 -0.163 0.078 -0.328 0.069 1890 -0.455 0.100 -0.328 0.078 -0.431 0.094 -0.314 0.073 1891 -0.334 0.103 -0.346 0.082 -0.312 0.094 -0.333 0.077 1892 -0.398 0.097 -0.387 0.083 -0.387 0.089 -0.372 0.078 1893 -0.376 0.090 -0.357 0.081 -0.371 0.084 -0.345 0.077 1894 -0.371 0.092 -0.333 0.079 -0.359 0.088 -0.322 0.077 1895 -0.304 0.089 -0.293 0.079 -0.297 0.087 -0.287 0.077 1896 -0.215 0.091 -0.300 0.079 -0.198 0.090 -0.292 0.077 1897 -0.198 0.093 -0.273 0.078 -0.209 0.087 -0.268 0.078 1898 -0.410 0.088 -0.238 0.080 -0.400 0.084 -0.238 0.079 1899 -0.236 0.101 -0.235 0.080 -0.238 0.095 -0.242 0.079 1900 -0.129 0.095 -0.269 0.081 -0.144 0.093 -0.272 0.079 1901 -0.203 0.090 -0.280 0.079 -0.219 0.088 -0.285 0.079 1902 -0.365 0.092 -0.336 0.078 -0.357 0.089 -0.341 0.078 1903 -0.464 0.083 -0.378 0.077 -0.467 0.083 -0.380 0.078 1904 -0.520 0.088 -0.388 0.078 -0.515 0.088 -0.387 0.080 1905 -0.337 0.090 -0.400 0.077 -0.340 0.090 -0.399 0.079 1906 -0.254 0.091 -0.397 0.076 -0.256 0.091 -0.396 0.078 1907 -0.425 0.085 -0.394 0.073 -0.414 0.085 -0.391 0.075 1908 -0.447 0.080 -0.421 0.067 -0.453 0.079 -0.416 0.069 1909 -0.509 0.076 -0.467 0.063 -0.494 0.074 -0.463 0.064 1910 -0.471 0.067 -0.464 0.061 -0.461 0.066 -0.458 0.062 1911 -0.482 0.074 -0.451 0.059 -0.491 0.071 -0.442 0.061 1912 -0.411 0.076 -0.388 0.061 -0.394 0.076 -0.381 0.063 1913 -0.382 0.069 -0.323 0.064 -0.369 0.068 -0.316 0.066 1914 -0.196 0.079 -0.303 0.065 -0.189 0.078 -0.292 0.067 1915 -0.143 0.085 -0.326 0.068 -0.138 0.084 -0.314 0.070 1916 -0.380 0.080 -0.322 0.072 -0.368 0.080 -0.309 0.073 1917 -0.529 0.090 -0.342 0.076 -0.504 0.090 -0.334 0.078 1918 -0.363 0.091 -0.362 0.078 -0.345 0.090 -0.356 0.079 1919 -0.297 0.098 -0.324 0.079 -0.315 0.098 -0.323 0.080 1920 -0.242 0.092 -0.273 0.077 -0.250 0.091 -0.277 0.078 1921 -0.189 0.085 -0.249 0.077 -0.198 0.085 -0.258 0.078 1922 -0.277 0.082 -0.240 0.075 -0.278 0.081 -0.247 0.076 1923 -0.243 0.088 -0.234 0.074 -0.249 0.086 -0.239 0.075 1924 -0.252 0.083 -0.211 0.073 -0.261 0.083 -0.214 0.074 1925 -0.210 0.084 -0.193 0.073 -0.209 0.082 -0.196 0.074 1926 -0.073 0.083 -0.180 0.073 -0.072 0.082 -0.184 0.074 1927 -0.188 0.080 -0.202 0.073 -0.188 0.080 -0.201 0.074 1928 -0.177 0.084 -0.186 0.072 -0.188 0.083 -0.187 0.074 1929 -0.360 0.082 -0.185 0.073 -0.346 0.081 -0.188 0.074 1930 -0.132 0.082 -0.169 0.072 -0.140 0.081 -0.175 0.073 1931 -0.068 0.084 -0.194 0.071 -0.080 0.083 -0.198 0.072 1932 -0.108 0.079 -0.152 0.071 -0.123 0.079 -0.161 0.072 1933 -0.301 0.080 -0.169 0.070 -0.299 0.078 -0.174 0.071 1934 -0.152 0.078 -0.184 0.069 -0.163 0.078 -0.186 0.070 1935 -0.213 0.078 -0.160 0.069 -0.204 0.078 -0.165 0.069 1936 -0.145 0.077 -0.097 0.068 -0.140 0.076 -0.110 0.069 1937 0.011 0.079 -0.067 0.068 -0.017 0.077 -0.077 0.069 1938 0.016 0.077 -0.009 0.069 -0.026 0.075 -0.027 0.069 1939 -0.006 0.081 0.027 0.072 0.004 0.081 0.010 0.074 1940 0.078 0.092 0.033 0.092 0.046 0.093 0.021 0.096 1941 0.034 0.189 0.050 0.120 0.042 0.202 0.040 0.128 1942 0.043 0.190 0.091 0.151 0.038 0.203 0.075 0.162 1943 0.098 0.190 0.091 0.184 0.068 0.203 0.080 0.198 1944 0.202 0.191 0.070 0.152 0.181 0.204 0.057 0.163 1945 0.076 0.188 0.061 0.124 0.074 0.202 0.039 0.133 1946 -0.070 0.127 0.022 0.105 -0.074 0.134 0.008 0.112 1947 -0.001 0.122 -0.039 0.096 -0.052 0.128 -0.047 0.102 1948 -0.095 0.116 -0.087 0.098 -0.087 0.123 -0.099 0.104 1949 -0.103 0.096 -0.072 0.086 -0.098 0.100 -0.086 0.091 1950 -0.168 0.081 -0.055 0.076 -0.182 0.084 -0.065 0.079 1951 0.009 0.071 -0.005 0.067 -0.009 0.073 -0.023 0.070 1952 0.082 0.075 0.007 0.064 0.052 0.075 -0.017 0.066 1953 0.154 0.077 0.023 0.063 0.123 0.078 -0.006 0.065 1954 -0.040 0.073 -0.015 0.062 -0.068 0.075 -0.047 0.065 1955 -0.092 0.070 -0.020 0.060 -0.128 0.072 -0.049 0.063 1956 -0.177 0.064 -0.040 0.058 -0.212 0.068 -0.063 0.060 1957 0.053 0.061 -0.024 0.056 0.038 0.063 -0.046 0.059 1958 0.057 0.061 -0.009 0.054 0.052 0.063 -0.028 0.056 1959 0.039 0.061 0.038 0.050 0.020 0.062 0.023 0.052 1960 -0.018 0.059 0.027 0.046 -0.042 0.057 0.010 0.048 1961 0.058 0.047 0.024 0.043 0.045 0.047 0.007 0.044 1962 -0.001 0.045 -0.029 0.040 -0.026 0.045 -0.041 0.041 1963 0.043 0.053 -0.046 0.038 0.035 0.050 -0.055 0.039 1964 -0.225 0.044 -0.066 0.037 -0.217 0.043 -0.072 0.038 1965 -0.105 0.043 -0.069 0.036 -0.113 0.045 -0.073 0.037 1966 -0.043 0.044 -0.095 0.034 -0.040 0.044 -0.096 0.034 1967 -0.013 0.039 -0.038 0.031 -0.032 0.038 -0.042 0.031 1968 -0.089 0.038 -0.015 0.027 -0.080 0.038 -0.015 0.027 1969 0.059 0.032 -0.028 0.025 0.055 0.033 -0.031 0.024 1970 0.011 0.030 -0.024 0.023 0.021 0.028 -0.025 0.021 1971 -0.107 0.029 0.022 0.022 -0.118 0.028 0.020 0.020 1972 0.005 0.028 -0.002 0.021 -0.000 0.027 -0.010 0.020 1973 0.143 0.030 -0.004 0.022 0.140 0.030 -0.018 0.021 1974 -0.063 0.033 -0.000 0.024 -0.095 0.031 -0.014 0.022 1975 0.004 0.033 0.046 0.025 -0.016 0.032 0.027 0.023 1976 -0.090 0.039 0.040 0.026 -0.099 0.036 0.017 0.024 1977 0.238 0.032 0.090 0.025 0.205 0.031 0.074 0.023 1978 0.112 0.031 0.152 0.023 0.090 0.030 0.133 0.022 1979 0.187 0.028 0.241 0.021 0.189 0.024 0.214 0.020 1980 0.311 0.032 0.222 0.021 0.278 0.028 0.202 0.020 1981 0.358 0.027 0.265 0.021 0.306 0.027 0.245 0.019 1982 0.143 0.033 0.258 0.022 0.146 0.033 0.232 0.020 1983 0.323 0.033 0.227 0.022 0.308 0.033 0.202 0.020 1984 0.155 0.031 0.196 0.022 0.123 0.031 0.175 0.020 1985 0.153 0.029 0.236 0.021 0.128 0.028 0.209 0.019 1986 0.206 0.030 0.250 0.021 0.169 0.028 0.218 0.019 1987 0.345 0.028 0.274 0.020 0.318 0.028 0.242 0.019 1988 0.389 0.028 0.336 0.021 0.353 0.028 0.301 0.020 1989 0.275 0.030 0.385 0.021 0.243 0.030 0.345 0.020 1990 0.466 0.030 0.365 0.021 0.421 0.029 0.327 0.020 1991 0.450 0.029 0.347 0.022 0.392 0.029 0.308 0.021 1992 0.243 0.032 0.361 0.022 0.225 0.030 0.324 0.021 1993 0.300 0.032 0.369 0.022 0.259 0.031 0.326 0.021 1994 0.348 0.031 0.358 0.022 0.321 0.030 0.309 0.021 1995 0.505 0.030 0.416 0.023 0.431 0.029 0.363 0.021 1996 0.394 0.028 0.493 0.023 0.308 0.028 0.433 0.021 1997 0.535 0.029 0.512 0.023 0.495 0.029 0.443 0.021 1998 0.684 0.033 0.500 0.023 0.609 0.031 0.431 0.021 1999 0.442 0.029 0.537 0.023 0.372 0.029 0.473 0.021 2000 0.444 0.030 0.564 0.023 0.369 0.029 0.494 0.021 2001 0.578 0.029 0.558 0.022 0.522 0.028 0.490 0.020 2002 0.672 0.027 0.583 0.022 0.597 0.027 0.522 0.020 2003 0.653 0.027 0.640 0.022 0.590 0.026 0.575 0.020 2004 0.566 0.027 0.661 0.022 0.530 0.026 0.585 0.020 2005 0.733 0.027 0.666 0.022 0.634 0.026 0.583 0.020 2006 0.684 0.027 0.649 0.022 0.573 0.025 0.562 0.020 2007 0.697 0.026 0.677 0.022 0.587 0.024 0.577 0.020 2008 0.568 0.024 0.685 0.021 0.486 0.024 0.582 0.019 2009 0.703 0.025 0.681 0.021 0.605 0.024 0.576 0.019 2010 0.773 0.024 0.678 0.021 0.659 0.024 0.573 0.020 2011 0.663 0.025 0.705 0.021 0.541 0.024 0.601 0.020 2012 0.683 0.027 0.720 0.022 0.575 0.026 0.616 0.020 2013 0.703 0.027 0.749 0.022 0.623 0.026 0.654 0.021 2014 0.778 0.028 0.829 0.023 0.682 0.028 0.729 0.021 2015 0.920 0.029 0.885 0.023 0.847 0.027 0.783 0.021 2016 1.059 0.028 0.923 0.023 0.918 0.025 0.811 0.022 2017 0.965 0.027 0.973 0.023 0.843 0.026 0.854 0.022 2018 0.891 0.027 1.000 0.023 0.765 0.025 0.871 0.022 2019 1.028 0.028 NaN NaN 0.896 0.026 NaN NaN 2020 1.056 0.029 NaN NaN 0.936 0.026 NaN NaN