% This file contains a brief summary of the changes in Earth's global average % surface temperature estimated by combining the Berkeley Earth land-surface % temperature field with a reinterpolated version of the HadSST ocean temperature % field. % % Two versions of this average are reported. These differ in how they treat % locations with sea ice. In the first version, temperature anomalies in the % presence of sea ice are extrapolated from land-surface air temperature anomalies. % In the second version, temperature anomalies in the presence of sea ice are % extrapolated from sea-surface water temperature anomalies (usually collected % from open water areas on the periphery of the sea ice). For most of the % ocean, sea-surface temperatures are similar to near-surface air temperatures; % however, air temperatures above sea ice can differ substantially from the water % below the sea ice. The air temperature version of this average shows larger % changes in the recent period, in part this is because water temperature changes % are limited by the freezing point of ocean water. We believe that the use of air % temperatures above sea ice provides a more natural means of describing changes in % Earth's surface temperature. % % The percent coverage of sea ice was taken from the HadISST dataset and varies % by month and location. In the typical month, between 3.5% and 5.5% of the % Earth's surface is covered with sea ice. Prior to 1900, the ice field merely % repeats a seasonal climatology and is not directly constrained by observations. % For more information on the processing and use of HadISST and HadSST refer to % the description file for the combined gridded data product. % % Temperatures are in Celsius and reported as anomalies % relative to the Jan 1951-Dec 1980 average. Uncertainties represent the 95% confidence % interval for statistical and spatial undersampling effects as well as ocean biases. % % % The land analysis was run on 19-Apr-2018 08:22:10 % The ocean analysis was published on 05-Apr-2018 17:54:52 % % The land component is based on 43643 time series % with 16328819 monthly data points % % The ocean component is based on 359639622 instantaneous % water temperature observations % % Estimated Jan 1951-Dec 1980 global mean temperature (C) % Using air temperature above sea ice: 14.186 +/- 0.047 % Using water temperature below sea ice: 14.733 +/- 0.047 % % % Land + Ocean anomaly using air temperature above sea ice Land + Ocean using water temperature below sea ice % Year, Annual Anomaly, Annual Unc., Five-year Anomaly, Five-year Unc., Annual Anomaly, Annual Unc., Five-year Anomaly, Five-year Unc. 1850 -0.505 0.137 NaN NaN -0.458 0.129 NaN NaN 1851 -0.367 0.187 NaN NaN -0.340 0.167 NaN NaN 1852 -0.361 0.140 -0.392 0.113 -0.323 0.130 -0.357 0.103 1853 -0.402 0.209 -0.350 0.112 -0.365 0.184 -0.317 0.102 1854 -0.325 0.163 -0.372 0.099 -0.300 0.146 -0.336 0.091 1855 -0.296 0.160 -0.417 0.097 -0.257 0.144 -0.377 0.090 1856 -0.475 0.120 -0.420 0.081 -0.433 0.113 -0.381 0.077 1857 -0.586 0.127 -0.433 0.076 -0.530 0.120 -0.393 0.074 1858 -0.417 0.113 -0.473 0.087 -0.384 0.109 -0.433 0.083 1859 -0.389 0.114 -0.487 0.098 -0.361 0.110 -0.447 0.093 1860 -0.498 0.199 -0.494 0.115 -0.456 0.177 -0.453 0.108 1861 -0.543 0.159 -0.488 0.127 -0.502 0.149 -0.446 0.120 1862 -0.624 0.192 -0.495 0.142 -0.561 0.176 -0.452 0.134 1863 -0.386 0.168 -0.463 0.138 -0.352 0.164 -0.422 0.134 1864 -0.426 0.181 -0.413 0.133 -0.389 0.166 -0.372 0.132 1865 -0.338 0.179 -0.347 0.130 -0.306 0.175 -0.314 0.132 1866 -0.293 0.165 -0.324 0.130 -0.253 0.160 -0.289 0.130 1867 -0.291 0.162 -0.295 0.131 -0.268 0.158 -0.263 0.129 1868 -0.269 0.165 -0.299 0.113 -0.227 0.156 -0.268 0.111 1869 -0.283 0.158 -0.311 0.106 -0.261 0.145 -0.280 0.101 1870 -0.359 0.117 -0.317 0.093 -0.331 0.112 -0.284 0.088 1871 -0.351 0.118 -0.323 0.078 -0.312 0.113 -0.293 0.075 1872 -0.321 0.108 -0.341 0.070 -0.291 0.104 -0.313 0.070 1873 -0.303 0.103 -0.352 0.068 -0.271 0.101 -0.320 0.068 1874 -0.372 0.105 -0.370 0.069 -0.360 0.103 -0.338 0.068 1875 -0.412 0.099 -0.312 0.072 -0.368 0.098 -0.283 0.071 1876 -0.442 0.101 -0.242 0.071 -0.401 0.100 -0.218 0.070 1877 -0.031 0.113 -0.224 0.069 -0.014 0.109 -0.195 0.068 1878 0.047 0.096 -0.209 0.068 0.051 0.096 -0.181 0.067 1879 -0.280 0.090 -0.170 0.068 -0.243 0.089 -0.145 0.066 1880 -0.340 0.095 -0.222 0.065 -0.299 0.094 -0.191 0.064 1881 -0.245 0.095 -0.304 0.064 -0.218 0.093 -0.267 0.062 1882 -0.292 0.090 -0.350 0.065 -0.245 0.089 -0.308 0.063 1883 -0.363 0.087 -0.381 0.065 -0.330 0.085 -0.337 0.062 1884 -0.512 0.086 -0.436 0.063 -0.450 0.083 -0.388 0.060 1885 -0.495 0.095 -0.486 0.062 -0.442 0.090 -0.434 0.058 1886 -0.520 0.086 -0.483 0.061 -0.472 0.082 -0.429 0.058 1887 -0.542 0.083 -0.424 0.060 -0.477 0.081 -0.377 0.057 1888 -0.347 0.082 -0.426 0.055 -0.306 0.081 -0.379 0.054 1889 -0.216 0.082 -0.398 0.056 -0.186 0.082 -0.352 0.056 1890 -0.505 0.085 -0.376 0.057 -0.453 0.087 -0.336 0.058 1891 -0.382 0.092 -0.388 0.059 -0.339 0.093 -0.351 0.060 1892 -0.430 0.088 -0.425 0.058 -0.398 0.089 -0.388 0.059 1893 -0.407 0.086 -0.393 0.061 -0.381 0.087 -0.361 0.062 1894 -0.400 0.081 -0.364 0.060 -0.368 0.084 -0.333 0.061 1895 -0.347 0.092 -0.326 0.059 -0.318 0.093 -0.297 0.060 1896 -0.238 0.086 -0.331 0.058 -0.202 0.088 -0.300 0.059 1897 -0.239 0.081 -0.303 0.059 -0.218 0.084 -0.274 0.059 1898 -0.431 0.087 -0.265 0.058 -0.397 0.087 -0.240 0.058 1899 -0.261 0.082 -0.264 0.055 -0.237 0.082 -0.244 0.056 1900 -0.158 0.088 -0.289 0.055 -0.147 0.087 -0.266 0.055 1901 -0.231 0.080 -0.299 0.053 -0.218 0.082 -0.278 0.053 1902 -0.366 0.082 -0.349 0.052 -0.332 0.083 -0.327 0.053 1903 -0.481 0.077 -0.390 0.052 -0.454 0.079 -0.365 0.053 1904 -0.509 0.076 -0.400 0.050 -0.482 0.078 -0.373 0.051 1905 -0.363 0.075 -0.418 0.048 -0.338 0.077 -0.389 0.049 1906 -0.280 0.074 -0.415 0.047 -0.256 0.077 -0.389 0.049 1907 -0.456 0.076 -0.420 0.047 -0.414 0.078 -0.392 0.048 1908 -0.469 0.072 -0.449 0.047 -0.454 0.075 -0.419 0.048 1909 -0.533 0.072 -0.500 0.047 -0.499 0.073 -0.472 0.048 1910 -0.507 0.072 -0.500 0.045 -0.472 0.074 -0.473 0.047 1911 -0.534 0.070 -0.489 0.045 -0.520 0.073 -0.459 0.046 1912 -0.455 0.070 -0.430 0.043 -0.421 0.073 -0.403 0.045 1913 -0.414 0.068 -0.362 0.044 -0.384 0.069 -0.337 0.046 1914 -0.240 0.069 -0.338 0.047 -0.217 0.072 -0.309 0.048 1915 -0.165 0.078 -0.350 0.049 -0.143 0.082 -0.321 0.051 1916 -0.414 0.083 -0.342 0.051 -0.382 0.086 -0.311 0.053 1917 -0.520 0.082 -0.353 0.054 -0.478 0.085 -0.325 0.056 1918 -0.371 0.076 -0.376 0.054 -0.333 0.080 -0.350 0.057 1919 -0.297 0.081 -0.333 0.053 -0.286 0.085 -0.312 0.056 1920 -0.277 0.080 -0.287 0.050 -0.268 0.083 -0.273 0.052 1921 -0.200 0.072 -0.268 0.049 -0.196 0.075 -0.261 0.051 1922 -0.291 0.070 -0.263 0.047 -0.281 0.072 -0.257 0.049 1923 -0.277 0.068 -0.253 0.046 -0.275 0.070 -0.246 0.048 1924 -0.269 0.067 -0.228 0.046 -0.264 0.070 -0.219 0.048 1925 -0.228 0.067 -0.207 0.045 -0.215 0.070 -0.198 0.047 1926 -0.073 0.066 -0.185 0.045 -0.058 0.068 -0.176 0.047 1927 -0.187 0.064 -0.203 0.046 -0.177 0.065 -0.190 0.048 1928 -0.169 0.067 -0.185 0.045 -0.165 0.068 -0.174 0.047 1929 -0.360 0.065 -0.186 0.046 -0.333 0.067 -0.178 0.047 1930 -0.134 0.065 -0.171 0.045 -0.135 0.067 -0.165 0.046 1931 -0.080 0.066 -0.197 0.043 -0.081 0.068 -0.189 0.045 1932 -0.111 0.060 -0.157 0.042 -0.113 0.062 -0.153 0.044 1933 -0.302 0.064 -0.171 0.042 -0.284 0.066 -0.163 0.044 1934 -0.160 0.064 -0.185 0.041 -0.154 0.065 -0.174 0.042 1935 -0.203 0.063 -0.160 0.041 -0.183 0.065 -0.152 0.042 1936 -0.151 0.061 -0.096 0.041 -0.137 0.063 -0.097 0.042 1937 0.016 0.063 -0.065 0.042 -0.003 0.064 -0.065 0.043 1938 0.019 0.067 -0.006 0.043 -0.007 0.069 -0.015 0.044 1939 -0.006 0.071 0.036 0.045 0.005 0.074 0.029 0.046 1940 0.091 0.073 0.037 0.048 0.069 0.076 0.035 0.050 1941 0.063 0.075 0.046 0.053 0.081 0.078 0.045 0.056 1942 0.021 0.084 0.077 0.058 0.028 0.089 0.073 0.062 1943 0.063 0.086 0.062 0.062 0.044 0.091 0.064 0.066 1944 0.148 0.085 0.037 0.059 0.142 0.090 0.039 0.062 1945 0.013 0.084 0.042 0.054 0.025 0.088 0.035 0.057 1946 -0.060 0.083 0.015 0.053 -0.043 0.087 0.018 0.056 1947 0.042 0.084 -0.034 0.055 0.008 0.089 -0.027 0.058 1948 -0.067 0.088 -0.071 0.058 -0.044 0.093 -0.065 0.062 1949 -0.097 0.071 -0.058 0.056 -0.081 0.075 -0.055 0.060 1950 -0.172 0.067 -0.052 0.053 -0.165 0.071 -0.044 0.056 1951 0.005 0.064 -0.012 0.049 0.009 0.068 -0.012 0.052 1952 0.069 0.067 -0.005 0.048 0.059 0.070 -0.009 0.051 1953 0.135 0.067 0.007 0.046 0.118 0.070 -0.001 0.049 1954 -0.062 0.066 -0.030 0.044 -0.069 0.070 -0.041 0.047 1955 -0.112 0.062 -0.031 0.042 -0.122 0.065 -0.039 0.044 1956 -0.182 0.057 -0.045 0.040 -0.193 0.060 -0.046 0.042 1957 0.065 0.064 -0.026 0.039 0.070 0.064 -0.025 0.041 1958 0.064 0.056 -0.005 0.037 0.081 0.059 -0.002 0.039 1959 0.037 0.052 0.046 0.036 0.040 0.056 0.053 0.038 1960 -0.010 0.054 0.038 0.036 -0.008 0.056 0.043 0.038 1961 0.073 0.050 0.038 0.036 0.082 0.053 0.042 0.037 1962 0.025 0.054 -0.010 0.035 0.022 0.056 -0.002 0.037 1963 0.065 0.053 -0.029 0.035 0.074 0.056 -0.022 0.036 1964 -0.203 0.049 -0.050 0.035 -0.182 0.052 -0.045 0.036 1965 -0.103 0.050 -0.053 0.034 -0.105 0.053 -0.050 0.036 1966 -0.033 0.053 -0.077 0.032 -0.033 0.056 -0.073 0.034 1967 0.008 0.048 -0.019 0.031 -0.004 0.052 -0.019 0.033 1968 -0.055 0.047 0.005 0.030 -0.041 0.050 0.009 0.032 1969 0.086 0.046 -0.008 0.029 0.087 0.049 -0.004 0.030 1970 0.021 0.045 -0.011 0.028 0.037 0.048 -0.004 0.030 1971 -0.099 0.048 0.020 0.028 -0.097 0.050 0.026 0.029 1972 -0.009 0.047 -0.020 0.027 -0.005 0.050 -0.018 0.028 1973 0.103 0.043 -0.035 0.026 0.107 0.045 -0.037 0.028 1974 -0.114 0.044 -0.049 0.026 -0.131 0.046 -0.051 0.027 1975 -0.058 0.045 -0.020 0.025 -0.060 0.047 -0.026 0.027 1976 -0.167 0.047 -0.040 0.025 -0.164 0.049 -0.047 0.026 1977 0.134 0.042 0.002 0.023 0.117 0.044 0.002 0.024 1978 0.006 0.041 0.057 0.023 0.004 0.044 0.053 0.024 1979 0.096 0.031 0.143 0.022 0.111 0.032 0.130 0.023 1980 0.214 0.036 0.125 0.023 0.195 0.037 0.116 0.024 1981 0.265 0.042 0.170 0.023 0.224 0.043 0.161 0.024 1982 0.042 0.040 0.164 0.024 0.048 0.042 0.148 0.025 1983 0.233 0.039 0.131 0.024 0.226 0.041 0.118 0.025 1984 0.066 0.036 0.099 0.023 0.047 0.038 0.090 0.025 1985 0.049 0.031 0.138 0.023 0.042 0.033 0.126 0.025 1986 0.104 0.032 0.148 0.023 0.087 0.034 0.132 0.025 1987 0.239 0.033 0.167 0.024 0.227 0.035 0.152 0.026 1988 0.284 0.034 0.229 0.026 0.257 0.036 0.210 0.028 1989 0.161 0.038 0.275 0.028 0.144 0.039 0.252 0.030 1990 0.357 0.039 0.259 0.030 0.334 0.041 0.238 0.031 1991 0.336 0.040 0.239 0.032 0.300 0.042 0.221 0.033 1992 0.155 0.042 0.255 0.033 0.157 0.044 0.239 0.035 1993 0.185 0.043 0.261 0.035 0.168 0.046 0.241 0.037 1994 0.242 0.044 0.252 0.036 0.238 0.047 0.226 0.038 1995 0.390 0.045 0.308 0.036 0.343 0.047 0.277 0.039 1996 0.290 0.043 0.388 0.038 0.225 0.046 0.349 0.040 1997 0.434 0.044 0.409 0.039 0.412 0.046 0.363 0.041 1998 0.582 0.047 0.404 0.040 0.529 0.049 0.357 0.042 1999 0.350 0.048 0.447 0.040 0.305 0.050 0.406 0.043 2000 0.364 0.048 0.476 0.041 0.315 0.051 0.430 0.044 2001 0.502 0.047 0.474 0.042 0.470 0.050 0.430 0.044 2002 0.583 0.047 0.498 0.042 0.531 0.050 0.461 0.044 2003 0.570 0.047 0.556 0.042 0.529 0.050 0.514 0.045 2004 0.473 0.046 0.576 0.042 0.461 0.048 0.523 0.045 2005 0.654 0.047 0.581 0.042 0.582 0.050 0.523 0.044 2006 0.602 0.046 0.562 0.042 0.514 0.048 0.502 0.044 2007 0.608 0.044 0.587 0.042 0.530 0.046 0.516 0.044 2008 0.472 0.044 0.592 0.042 0.425 0.046 0.519 0.043 2009 0.599 0.044 0.584 0.041 0.530 0.046 0.511 0.043 2010 0.679 0.044 0.578 0.042 0.598 0.047 0.506 0.043 2011 0.560 0.045 0.603 0.042 0.472 0.047 0.532 0.044 2012 0.578 0.046 0.616 0.042 0.503 0.048 0.548 0.044 2013 0.599 0.046 0.641 0.042 0.555 0.048 0.580 0.044 2014 0.666 0.047 0.718 0.042 0.612 0.049 0.652 0.044 2015 0.804 0.045 0.769 0.042 0.757 0.047 0.699 0.044 2016 0.945 0.045 NaN NaN 0.835 0.047 NaN NaN 2017 0.831 0.046 NaN NaN 0.738 0.048 NaN NaN