% This file contains a brief summary of the changes in Earth's global average % surface temperature estimated by combining the Berkeley Earth land-surface % temperature field with a reinterpolated version of the HadSST ocean temperture % field. % % Two versions of this average are reported. These differ in how they treat % locations with sea ice. In the first version, temperature anomalies in the % presence of sea ice are extrapolated from land-surface air temperature anomalies. % In the second version, temperature anomalies in the presence of sea ice are % extrapolated from sea-surface water temperature anomalies (usually collected % from open water areas on the periphery of the sea ice). For most of the % ocean, sea-surface temperatures are similar to near-surface air temperatures; % however, air temperatures above sea ice can differ substantially from the water % below the sea ice. The air temperature version of this average shows larger % changes in the recent period, in part this is because water temperature changes % are limited by the freezing point of ocean water. We believe that the use of air % temperatures above sea ice provides a more natural means of describing changes in % Earth's surface temperature. % % The percent coverage of sea ice was taken from the HadISST dataset and varies % by month and location. In the typical month, between 3.5% and 5.5% of the % Earth's surface is covered with sea ice. Prior to 1900, the ice field merely % repeats a seasonal climatology and is not directly constrained by observations. % For more information on the processing and use of HadISST and HadSST refer to % the description file for the combined gridded data product. % % Temperatures are in Celsius and reported as anomalies % relative to the Jan 1951-Dec 1980 average. Uncertainties represent the 95% confidence % interval for statistical and spatial undersampling effects as well as ocean biases. % % % The land analysis was run on 16-Jan-2015 09:30:27 % The ocean analysis was published on 08-Jan-2015 06:07:03 % % The land component is based on 41811 time series % with 16115533 monthly data points % % The ocean component is based on 310687648 instantaneous % water temperature observations % % Estimated Jan 1951-Dec 1980 global mean temperature (C) % Using air temperature above sea ice: 14.771 +/- 0.047 % Using water temperature below sea ice: 15.310 +/- 0.047 % % % Land + Ocean anomaly using air temperature above sea ice Land + Ocean using water temperature below sea ice % Year, Annual Anomaly, Annual Unc., Five-year Anomaly, Five-year Unc., Annual Anomaly, Annual Unc., Five-year Anomaly, Five-year Unc. 1850 -0.448 0.188 NaN NaN -0.421 0.178 NaN NaN 1851 -0.301 0.199 NaN NaN -0.289 0.188 NaN NaN 1852 -0.295 0.184 -0.338 0.132 -0.275 0.174 -0.320 0.122 1853 -0.341 0.167 -0.305 0.108 -0.324 0.157 -0.286 0.103 1854 -0.306 0.136 -0.329 0.088 -0.290 0.130 -0.308 0.086 1855 -0.280 0.146 -0.383 0.081 -0.250 0.138 -0.359 0.080 1856 -0.421 0.131 -0.401 0.082 -0.401 0.126 -0.375 0.080 1857 -0.567 0.128 -0.414 0.089 -0.529 0.125 -0.388 0.086 1858 -0.429 0.137 -0.442 0.096 -0.406 0.133 -0.419 0.093 1859 -0.373 0.164 -0.461 0.110 -0.355 0.157 -0.435 0.106 1860 -0.420 0.178 -0.467 0.118 -0.402 0.170 -0.439 0.115 1861 -0.513 0.184 -0.458 0.131 -0.481 0.181 -0.427 0.128 1862 -0.600 0.179 -0.469 0.134 -0.550 0.179 -0.436 0.133 1863 -0.385 0.224 -0.450 0.141 -0.349 0.220 -0.416 0.141 1864 -0.426 0.176 -0.401 0.137 -0.399 0.176 -0.368 0.140 1865 -0.325 0.195 -0.330 0.138 -0.302 0.199 -0.306 0.142 1866 -0.267 0.187 -0.300 0.131 -0.241 0.191 -0.278 0.135 1867 -0.249 0.177 -0.266 0.126 -0.239 0.182 -0.247 0.130 1868 -0.234 0.164 -0.263 0.113 -0.207 0.166 -0.245 0.116 1869 -0.255 0.150 -0.276 0.107 -0.245 0.147 -0.258 0.107 1870 -0.312 0.173 -0.289 0.102 -0.295 0.163 -0.269 0.100 1871 -0.332 0.146 -0.298 0.091 -0.305 0.143 -0.279 0.089 1872 -0.310 0.128 -0.318 0.088 -0.293 0.126 -0.301 0.087 1873 -0.280 0.125 -0.338 0.077 -0.260 0.125 -0.318 0.078 1874 -0.355 0.116 -0.356 0.072 -0.352 0.117 -0.335 0.073 1875 -0.413 0.107 -0.300 0.073 -0.379 0.109 -0.280 0.074 1876 -0.420 0.108 -0.231 0.071 -0.393 0.111 -0.216 0.073 1877 -0.029 0.119 -0.213 0.067 -0.018 0.119 -0.193 0.069 1878 0.064 0.108 -0.195 0.068 0.062 0.109 -0.176 0.069 1879 -0.266 0.094 -0.156 0.066 -0.238 0.095 -0.139 0.067 1880 -0.323 0.113 -0.207 0.060 -0.294 0.110 -0.185 0.061 1881 -0.228 0.088 -0.291 0.059 -0.209 0.090 -0.264 0.060 1882 -0.285 0.087 -0.339 0.058 -0.246 0.089 -0.308 0.059 1883 -0.354 0.087 -0.372 0.052 -0.331 0.086 -0.337 0.053 1884 -0.508 0.079 -0.427 0.051 -0.458 0.078 -0.388 0.051 1885 -0.485 0.080 -0.476 0.053 -0.442 0.079 -0.435 0.052 1886 -0.501 0.074 -0.472 0.051 -0.462 0.073 -0.429 0.051 1887 -0.532 0.082 -0.411 0.055 -0.480 0.081 -0.374 0.053 1888 -0.336 0.079 -0.411 0.058 -0.303 0.079 -0.375 0.057 1889 -0.202 0.089 -0.388 0.060 -0.180 0.088 -0.353 0.060 1890 -0.485 0.094 -0.368 0.063 -0.451 0.093 -0.339 0.063 1891 -0.386 0.091 -0.381 0.064 -0.350 0.094 -0.355 0.064 1892 -0.429 0.095 -0.422 0.062 -0.409 0.096 -0.396 0.063 1893 -0.404 0.083 -0.395 0.061 -0.385 0.086 -0.371 0.063 1894 -0.407 0.086 -0.363 0.060 -0.383 0.089 -0.339 0.062 1895 -0.350 0.087 -0.321 0.059 -0.327 0.090 -0.299 0.061 1896 -0.222 0.086 -0.326 0.059 -0.192 0.089 -0.303 0.060 1897 -0.222 0.086 -0.299 0.059 -0.207 0.089 -0.277 0.059 1898 -0.431 0.088 -0.261 0.057 -0.405 0.088 -0.241 0.058 1899 -0.273 0.089 -0.263 0.055 -0.253 0.089 -0.247 0.056 1900 -0.158 0.086 -0.292 0.053 -0.150 0.088 -0.274 0.054 1901 -0.230 0.080 -0.300 0.052 -0.220 0.083 -0.283 0.053 1902 -0.368 0.074 -0.346 0.050 -0.342 0.076 -0.330 0.052 1903 -0.470 0.075 -0.386 0.049 -0.453 0.077 -0.368 0.051 1904 -0.506 0.075 -0.395 0.049 -0.488 0.077 -0.376 0.050 1905 -0.357 0.074 -0.411 0.050 -0.339 0.075 -0.392 0.050 1906 -0.275 0.075 -0.411 0.050 -0.259 0.076 -0.393 0.050 1907 -0.447 0.073 -0.416 0.049 -0.419 0.074 -0.397 0.049 1908 -0.469 0.070 -0.445 0.048 -0.461 0.071 -0.426 0.048 1909 -0.531 0.065 -0.496 0.047 -0.509 0.066 -0.478 0.047 1910 -0.505 0.065 -0.496 0.047 -0.480 0.065 -0.479 0.047 1911 -0.526 0.065 -0.485 0.045 -0.521 0.065 -0.464 0.045 1912 -0.447 0.065 -0.425 0.049 -0.423 0.065 -0.406 0.048 1913 -0.415 0.066 -0.358 0.051 -0.389 0.065 -0.340 0.050 1914 -0.235 0.080 -0.336 0.053 -0.218 0.079 -0.315 0.053 1915 -0.170 0.078 -0.350 0.055 -0.151 0.080 -0.328 0.055 1916 -0.412 0.081 -0.342 0.057 -0.392 0.082 -0.317 0.057 1917 -0.519 0.082 -0.354 0.057 -0.487 0.084 -0.332 0.058 1918 -0.376 0.082 -0.376 0.056 -0.339 0.086 -0.356 0.058 1919 -0.291 0.082 -0.334 0.055 -0.289 0.084 -0.317 0.056 1920 -0.280 0.075 -0.289 0.052 -0.274 0.077 -0.278 0.053 1921 -0.202 0.069 -0.268 0.050 -0.199 0.071 -0.265 0.051 1922 -0.294 0.068 -0.263 0.048 -0.290 0.068 -0.260 0.048 1923 -0.274 0.063 -0.251 0.047 -0.275 0.064 -0.248 0.048 1924 -0.263 0.063 -0.227 0.046 -0.263 0.064 -0.221 0.047 1925 -0.224 0.067 -0.205 0.046 -0.213 0.068 -0.198 0.047 1926 -0.079 0.062 -0.184 0.046 -0.063 0.064 -0.177 0.047 1927 -0.185 0.062 -0.201 0.045 -0.178 0.063 -0.191 0.046 1928 -0.169 0.062 -0.181 0.044 -0.168 0.064 -0.175 0.045 1929 -0.351 0.060 -0.179 0.044 -0.334 0.062 -0.177 0.045 1930 -0.123 0.062 -0.164 0.044 -0.130 0.063 -0.164 0.045 1931 -0.070 0.063 -0.190 0.043 -0.074 0.064 -0.188 0.044 1932 -0.110 0.059 -0.152 0.042 -0.113 0.061 -0.152 0.043 1933 -0.298 0.061 -0.166 0.042 -0.288 0.062 -0.163 0.043 1934 -0.158 0.059 -0.181 0.041 -0.156 0.060 -0.175 0.042 1935 -0.196 0.058 -0.155 0.041 -0.182 0.059 -0.153 0.042 1936 -0.143 0.057 -0.091 0.040 -0.134 0.057 -0.096 0.040 1937 0.021 0.057 -0.061 0.040 -0.002 0.057 -0.065 0.041 1938 0.021 0.056 -0.002 0.041 -0.007 0.057 -0.014 0.042 1939 -0.007 0.063 0.041 0.042 0.001 0.064 0.030 0.043 1940 0.097 0.069 0.043 0.046 0.073 0.072 0.036 0.048 1941 0.072 0.072 0.053 0.052 0.085 0.075 0.047 0.055 1942 0.033 0.086 0.088 0.057 0.028 0.090 0.076 0.060 1943 0.071 0.087 0.075 0.061 0.045 0.091 0.067 0.064 1944 0.168 0.085 0.053 0.058 0.150 0.089 0.043 0.061 1945 0.031 0.085 0.057 0.053 0.029 0.089 0.039 0.056 1946 -0.039 0.084 0.032 0.053 -0.038 0.088 0.022 0.055 1947 0.053 0.082 -0.017 0.054 0.009 0.086 -0.024 0.057 1948 -0.051 0.084 -0.056 0.058 -0.040 0.088 -0.062 0.061 1949 -0.082 0.066 -0.046 0.055 -0.078 0.069 -0.053 0.058 1950 -0.161 0.063 -0.041 0.052 -0.163 0.066 -0.042 0.054 1951 0.012 0.061 -0.002 0.048 0.008 0.063 -0.010 0.050 1952 0.078 0.062 0.003 0.046 0.062 0.064 -0.009 0.048 1953 0.141 0.062 0.013 0.044 0.120 0.064 -0.001 0.046 1954 -0.055 0.058 -0.025 0.042 -0.071 0.060 -0.042 0.044 1955 -0.109 0.056 -0.027 0.040 -0.125 0.058 -0.040 0.042 1956 -0.179 0.050 -0.041 0.038 -0.195 0.053 -0.047 0.040 1957 0.069 0.056 -0.021 0.037 0.072 0.056 -0.025 0.039 1958 0.069 0.048 -0.000 0.035 0.081 0.050 -0.002 0.037 1959 0.042 0.047 0.051 0.033 0.041 0.049 0.053 0.035 1960 -0.002 0.045 0.044 0.032 -0.010 0.047 0.044 0.033 1961 0.077 0.041 0.045 0.031 0.081 0.044 0.043 0.033 1962 0.033 0.044 -0.003 0.031 0.025 0.046 -0.002 0.033 1963 0.074 0.045 -0.023 0.032 0.078 0.047 -0.021 0.033 1964 -0.198 0.043 -0.046 0.032 -0.184 0.045 -0.044 0.033 1965 -0.102 0.043 -0.051 0.031 -0.105 0.045 -0.051 0.033 1966 -0.035 0.041 -0.077 0.029 -0.036 0.044 -0.074 0.031 1967 0.005 0.038 -0.020 0.028 -0.007 0.040 -0.019 0.030 1968 -0.054 0.035 0.004 0.026 -0.038 0.037 0.008 0.028 1969 0.088 0.036 -0.009 0.025 0.089 0.037 -0.004 0.027 1970 0.016 0.034 -0.012 0.024 0.033 0.036 -0.003 0.026 1971 -0.100 0.035 0.018 0.023 -0.097 0.036 0.026 0.025 1972 -0.008 0.035 -0.024 0.023 -0.004 0.036 -0.018 0.024 1973 0.096 0.031 -0.041 0.022 0.107 0.033 -0.037 0.023 1974 -0.124 0.035 -0.056 0.021 -0.129 0.036 -0.051 0.023 1975 -0.069 0.033 -0.031 0.021 -0.061 0.034 -0.027 0.022 1976 -0.176 0.034 -0.050 0.020 -0.166 0.036 -0.048 0.022 1977 0.119 0.032 -0.009 0.019 0.112 0.033 0.001 0.020 1978 -0.002 0.032 0.047 0.019 0.005 0.033 0.053 0.020 1979 0.085 0.031 0.133 0.018 0.116 0.032 0.129 0.019 1980 0.208 0.033 0.116 0.020 0.195 0.034 0.116 0.021 1981 0.253 0.035 0.161 0.021 0.218 0.036 0.160 0.022 1982 0.034 0.035 0.156 0.022 0.047 0.037 0.146 0.023 1983 0.224 0.036 0.123 0.023 0.224 0.037 0.116 0.024 1984 0.059 0.034 0.091 0.023 0.048 0.036 0.090 0.024 1985 0.042 0.032 0.130 0.023 0.044 0.034 0.127 0.024 1986 0.094 0.035 0.141 0.024 0.089 0.036 0.134 0.025 1987 0.231 0.034 0.160 0.025 0.230 0.036 0.153 0.026 1988 0.278 0.036 0.221 0.027 0.258 0.038 0.210 0.028 1989 0.157 0.036 0.268 0.028 0.144 0.038 0.253 0.030 1990 0.344 0.038 0.251 0.030 0.332 0.040 0.238 0.031 1991 0.329 0.040 0.232 0.031 0.301 0.042 0.220 0.033 1992 0.147 0.040 0.247 0.033 0.155 0.042 0.239 0.034 1993 0.182 0.042 0.254 0.034 0.170 0.044 0.240 0.036 1994 0.232 0.042 0.244 0.035 0.238 0.045 0.225 0.037 1995 0.379 0.044 0.298 0.036 0.339 0.046 0.277 0.038 1996 0.278 0.043 0.375 0.037 0.224 0.045 0.348 0.039 1997 0.418 0.042 0.395 0.038 0.413 0.044 0.360 0.040 1998 0.567 0.046 0.389 0.039 0.526 0.049 0.355 0.041 1999 0.335 0.047 0.432 0.040 0.300 0.050 0.403 0.042 2000 0.348 0.047 0.462 0.041 0.310 0.049 0.425 0.043 2001 0.492 0.047 0.460 0.042 0.466 0.050 0.425 0.044 2002 0.570 0.048 0.485 0.041 0.526 0.050 0.456 0.044 2003 0.555 0.048 0.543 0.042 0.522 0.050 0.510 0.044 2004 0.460 0.046 0.563 0.042 0.457 0.048 0.518 0.044 2005 0.640 0.047 0.568 0.042 0.578 0.049 0.518 0.044 2006 0.588 0.047 0.549 0.041 0.509 0.049 0.498 0.043 2007 0.596 0.045 0.572 0.041 0.526 0.047 0.511 0.043 2008 0.462 0.045 0.573 0.041 0.421 0.047 0.515 0.043 2009 0.575 0.044 0.560 0.040 0.524 0.046 0.507 0.042 2010 0.644 0.044 0.552 0.041 0.594 0.046 0.501 0.043 2011 0.524 0.047 0.575 0.041 0.468 0.048 0.528 0.043 2012 0.556 0.048 0.589 0.042 0.501 0.050 0.546 0.044 2013 0.575 0.049 NaN NaN 0.552 0.051 NaN NaN 2014 0.646 0.047 NaN NaN 0.614 0.049 NaN NaN